Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups
Abstract
Growing cross-cultural awareness has led researchers to examine frequently used research instruments and assessment tools in racially diverse populations. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) among different racial groups. The DASS-21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, ideal for both clinical and research purposes. Results suggest that the internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity of the DASS-21 are similar across racial groups. Multigroup CFA, however, indicated that item loadings were invariant, while scale covariances were not invariant. This suggests that, although the items may load similarly on the depression, anxiety and stress constructs, these constructs may be differentially inter-related across groups. Implications for application in clinical practice are discussed.
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The DASS-21 has demonstrated a substantial relationship with other depression and anxiety measures among Asians.
“the scale has demonstrated a substantial relationship with other depression and anxiety measures among Asians (35).”
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- Authors
- Norton, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Norton, Peter J.
- ORCID
- Norton, Peter J.
- Venue
- Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-08-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 253-265
- ISSN
- 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-2205
- OpenAlex
- W2088994872
- Cited by
- 708
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- DASS-21, DASS, cross-cultural validity, racial groups, measurement invariance, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, depression, anxiety, stress
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Racial Groups
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