Avoiding food becoming waste in households – The role of packaging in consumers’ practices across different food categories

May combine two claims.

Up to 89% of the dairy waste can be related to packaging functions, making this the largest packaging-related food waste category.

“Therefore, up to 89% of the dairy waste can be related to packaging functions, making this the largest packaging-related food waste category.”

May combine two claims.

Cooked food represented 18% of the participants' food waste and packaging functions played a small role.

“while cooked food represented 18% of the participants' food waste, it is excluded because packaging functions played a small role.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Others said that they oriented themselves towards the date labelled on the package to avoid running the risk of getting sick.

“Others said that they oriented themselves towards the date labelled on the package to avoid running the risk of getting sick.”

May combine two claims.

The amounts of food waste per person per week were the largest for the single household and reduced with the increasing number of people living in the household.

“Fig. 1 shows that the amounts per person per week were the largest for the single household and reduced with the increasing number of people living in the household.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some participants occasionally froze surplus milk.

“Some participants occasionally froze surplus milk.”

May combine two claims.

Although the wasted amounts of cream and cr eme fraiche were small, nine participants pointed out that the package size of those products is often too large for their needs.

“Although the wasted amounts of cream and cr eme fraiche were small, nine participants nonetheless pointed out that the package size of those products is often too large for their needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Package too large was mentioned 33 times across all categories.

“package too large (mentioned 33 times across all categories)”

May combine two claims.

Fruit and vegetables was the category with the largest amount of food waste (30%), followed by dairy (17%), staples, condiments, etc. (14%), bread (10%) and fish and meat (6%).

“As shown in Table 2, fruit and vegetables was the category with the largest amount of waste (30%), followed by dairy (17%), staples, condiments, etc. (14%), bread (10%) and fish and meat (6%).”

May combine two claims.

The average food waste per person was 780 g per week, which would translate to approximately 40 kg per person per year.

“The average food waste per person was 780 g per week, which would translate to approximately 40 kg per person per year.”

May combine two claims.

Lettuce sold in plastic bags was reported to be often too large or difficult to reseal, which affects the product's freshness.

“Yet lettuce sold in plastic bags was reported to be often too large or difficult to reseal, which affects the product's freshness.”

May combine two claims.

Too much milk per package and lack of information about food safety accounted for most of the milk waste.

“Too much milk per package and lack of information about food safety accounted for most of the milk waste.”

May combine two claims.

Difficult to empty the packaging was mentioned 41 times, mainly for dairy products.

“difficult to empty the packaging (mentioned 41 times mainly for dairy products)”

May combine two claims.

Pasta and rice were mentioned by a total of 24 participants, and the reason given was that participants found it difficult to portion these products.

“However, pasta and rice were mentioned several times (by a total of 24 participants) and the reason given was that participants found it difficult to portion these products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Several participants bought different yoghurt flavours for their children, meaning that several different kinds of yoghurt were open at the same time.

“Several participants bought different yoghurt flavours for their children, meaning that several different kinds of yoghurt were open at the same time.”

May combine two claims.

Food having gone bad was mentioned 137 times, making it the most prevalent reason for food waste.

“Food having gone bad was mentioned 137 times, making it the most prevalent reason for food waste.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Toast was mentioned as a product that often dries out.

“and toast was mentioned as a product that often dries out.”

May combine two claims.

Uncertainty about product safety and date labelling was mentioned 39 times, mostly in connection with fruit and vegetables and dairy.

“uncertainty about product safety and date labelling (mentioned 39 times mostly in connection with fruit and vegetables and dairy)”

May combine two claims.

12 participants described using extra packaging to keep the cheese fresh, while 29 participants mentioned that they sometimes wasted cheese and others said that they deploy waste avoidance strategies, such as grinding and freezing leftovers.

“Regarding this issue, 12 participants described using extra packaging to keep the cheese fresh, while 29 participants mentioned that they sometimes wasted cheese and others said that they deploy waste avoidance strategies, such as grinding and freezing leftovers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One single household reported almost no food waste (26 g).

“Notably, one single household reported almost no food waste (26 g).”

May combine two claims.

A commonly stated reason for buying pre-packed fruit and vegetables was 'it only comes that way'; most of the time, this applied to organic and Fairtrade products.

“A commonly stated reason for buying pre-packed fruit and vegetables was 'it only comes that way'; most of the time, this applied to organic and Fairtrade products.”

May combine two claims.

Both cr eme fraiche and cream were primarily used for preparing special dishes, and several participants said that the food content was more than for one dish and that the remainder was left in the refrigerator and forgotten.

“Both cr eme fraiche and cream were primarily used for preparing special dishes, and several participants said that the food content was more than for one dish and that the remainder was left in the refrigerator and forgotten.”

May combine two claims.

Drinks represented 4% of the participants' food waste and had a relatively weak connection to packaging design.

“drinks only represented 4% of the participants' food waste and had a relatively weak connection to packaging design”

May combine two claims.

Many participants put vegetables in the refrigerator and placed fruit in a fruit basket to remind themselves to eat the fruit.

“Many participants put vegetables in the refrigerator and placed fruit in a fruit basket to remind themselves to eat the fruit.”

May combine two claims.

25% mentioned that they would like more variation in bread packaging sizes; in particular, they would like smaller sizes.

“In addition, 25% mentioned that they would like more variation in bread packaging sizes; in particular, they would like smaller sizes.”

May combine two claims.

Overly large packaging and the product turning bad were the two other main reasons for milk waste.

“Overly large packaging and the product turning bad were the two other main reasons for waste.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants said that they look at the best before date when they buy bread but not when they throw it away.

“participants said that they look at the best before date when they buy bread but not when they throw it away.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The households' reported food waste was similar to the Swedish average of 37 kg/capita.

“Nonetheless, the households' reported food waste was similar to the Swedish average of 37 kg/capita (Swedish Waste Management, 2018).”

• cites Swedish Waste Management, 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Those participants who used the best before date as an indicator did so primarily for yoghurt and stated concerns about getting sick.

“Those participants who used the best before date as an indicator did so primarily for yoghurt and stated concerns about getting sick.”

May combine two claims.

The cooked food that was wasted accounted for 17% with mixed vegetarian food being the largest product group.

“The cooked food that was wasted accounted for 17% with mixed vegetarian food being the largest product group.”

May combine two claims.

Two participants stated that they do not buy the smaller plastic yoghurt containers because they are difficult to reclose and generate a large amount of packaging material waste.

“In addition, two participants stated that they do not buy the smaller plastic yoghurt containers because they are difficult to reclose and generate a large amount of packaging material waste.”

May combine two claims.

The main reason for wastage of hard and soft cheeses was that they turned bad or dried out, which in most cases occurred because the package was not resealable.

“The main reason for wastage of hard and soft cheeses was that they turned bad or dried out, which in most cases occurred because the package was not resealable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most common reason for wasting cooked food was 'too little left to save' (31 mentions).

“and 'too little left to save' (31 mentions).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some participants reflected on the poor packaging design including how yoghurt can be poured, the package resealed or the container emptied.

“Some participants reflected on the poor packaging design including how yoghurt can be poured, the package resealed or the container emptied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Twenty-two participants mentioned that they would buy extra meat when the price was reduced.

“Twenty-two participants mentioned that they would buy extra meat when the price was reduced”

May combine two claims.

Participants could relate much of their food waste to the design of packaging and found it difficult to buy the right amount or to keep food waste at a minimum during the use process.

“It was surprising that they could relate so much of their food waste to the design of packaging and that they found it difficult to buy the right amount or to keep food waste at a minimum during the use process.”

May combine two claims.

The significance of the food waste-packaging relationship and the role of packaging differ from one food category to the next, and it is particularly important for food that has a high environmental impact, such as dairy and meat products.

“While the significance of the food wasteepackaging relationship and the role of packaging differ from one food category to the next, it is particularly important for food that has a high environmental impact, such as dairy and meat products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Liver pate was mentioned six times; the reason for wasting it was that the packaging was too large.

“For example, liver pate was mentioned six times; the reason for wasting it was that the packaging was too large.”

May combine two claims.

Either they would freeze meat products for later use or cook large amounts and then freeze those prepared meals.

“Either they would freeze meat products for later use or cook large amounts and then freeze those prepared meals.”

May combine two claims.

A substantial part of the chicken waste was frozen chicken parts which had passed the best before date, in addition to uncertainty about product safety, which accounted for 0.9 kg of wasted chicken.

“A substantial part of this waste was frozen chicken parts which had passed the best before date, in addition to uncertainty about product safety, which accounted for 0.9 kg of wasted chicken.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

The total amount of meat and fish waste was 4.4 kg.

“| Total | 4.4 | | 2 | 1 | | 1 | 3 | 6 | 3 | | 3 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 2 | | 2 | 2 | 3 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The total amount of fruit and vegetable waste was 21.1 kg.

“| Total | 21.1 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 90 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 21 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 12 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The total amount of bread waste was 6.9 kg.

“| Total | 6.9 | 1 | 8 | | 1 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 23 | 3 | 3 | 1 | | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 21 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The total amount of dairy waste was 11.6 kg.

“| Total | 11.6 | 3 | 5 | 30 | | 3 | 17 | 8 | 23 | 2 | 1 | | 2 | 8 | 3 | 2 | | 1 | 4 |”

May combine two claims.

The food waste amounts reported in this study were higher than Sweden's national per capita statistics, indicating that participants took specific care in reporting all their waste.

“In fact, the food waste amounts reported in this study were higher than Sweden's national per capita statistics, indicating that participants took specific care in reporting all their waste.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This knowledge gap is significant because it inhibits making an informed decision, including a fair environmental assessment, about packaging design aimed at reducing food waste.

“This knowledge gap is significant because it inhibits making an informed decision, including a fair environmental assessment, about packaging design aimed at reducing food waste.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Even the most advanced packaging solution does not create any value if it does not support the use process.

“This means that even the most advanced packaging solution does not create any value if it does not support the use process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The predefined reasons for food waste were identified in previous studies and used by Williams et al. (2012).

“The predefined reasons listed here were identified in previous studies and used by Williams et al. (2012) as reasons.”

• cites Williams et al. (2012) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The interview guide was pre-tested twice and modified before final usage.

“An interview guide was developed to guide the in-depth interviews and it was pre-tested twice and modified before final usage.”

May combine two claims.

Self-selected samples that follow this procedure are not only highly motivated but also highly knowledgeable on the underlying topic and possess innovative characteristics.

“Interestingly, self-selected samples that follow this procedure are not only highly motivated but also highly knowledgeable on the underlying topic and possess innovative characteristics (Poetz and Schreier, 2012;Trischler et al., 2018a).”

• cites Poetz and Schreier, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Trischler et al., 2018aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Value is not embedded in goods or services but is created during use.

“Important for the present study was the premise that value is not embedded in goods or services but is created during use (Vargo and Lusch, 2008a).”

• cites Vargo and Lusch, 2008aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The questionnaire was reviewed by experts in qualitative research and tested with two representatives.

“The questionnaire was reviewed by experts in qualitative research and tested with two representatives e one in each of the two cities of application.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The multi-step method aims to complement and triangulate findings through both qualitative and quantitative methods.

“These tools inherit the traditions of empathic design (Kaario et al., 2009;Kouprie and Visser, 2009) and marketing research (Creswell, 2009;Gummesson, 2005), and in their specific combination, aim to complement and triangulate findings through both qualitative and quantitative methods (Maxwell, 1992).”

• cites Maxwell, 1992 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The service lens allowed the unit of analysis to shift from packaging as an artefact to the use of packaging and the value it creates during the consumption process.

“The service lens allowed the unit of analysis to shift from packaging as an artefact to the use of packaging and the value it creates during the consumption process (Edvardsson et al., 2005).”

• cites Edvardsson et al., 2005 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Little is known about why specific food items are wasted.

“So far, the reasons for food waste in households have been reported with general conclusions, but little is known about why specific food items are wasted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The questionnaire questions were derived from the findings of two systematic literature reviews on household food waste.

“The questions in this part of the questionnaire were derived from the findings of two systematic literature reviews on household food waste (Hebrok and Boks, 2017;Schanes et al., 2018).”

• cites Hebrok and Boks, 2017 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schanes et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The questionnaire questions on packaging functions drew on an expert study which examined six important functions of effective packaging.

“The related questions drew on an expert study which examined six important functions of effective packaging (Wikstr€ om et al., 2019): (1) reclosing, (2) correct amount of food for the consumer's needs, (3) easy to empty, (4) past best before date, (5) easy to open without spillage and (6) uncertainty about whether the food is safe for consumption.”

• cites Wikstr€ om et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The service lens shifts the innovation process to an 'outside-in' approach, allowing new solutions to be based on explorations of possible future use situations and user needs.

“The service lens shifts the innovation process to an 'outside-in' approach, allowing new solutions to be based on explorations of possible future use situations and user needs (Gustafsson et al., 2012;Holmlid et al., 2015;Trischler et al., 2018b).”

• cites Gustafsson et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Holmlid et al., 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Trischler et al., 2018bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Only a few studies have investigated packaging-related food waste in households, and only Williams et al. (2012) have attempted to quantify how much of the total food waste can be attributed to packaging.

“As reported in two recent literature reviews (Wikstr€ om et al., 2019;Wohner et al., 2019), only a few studies have investigated packaging-related food waste in households, and only Williams et al. (2012) have attempted to quantify how much of the total food waste can be attributed to packaging (AMERIPEN, 2018).”

• cites Wikstr€ om et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wohner et al., 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Williams et al. (2012) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Households continue to be a major contributor to food waste in the industrialised world.

“Households continue to be a major contributor to food waste in the industrialised world (Stenmarck, 2016;FAO et al., 2014)”

• cites Stenmarck, 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites FAO et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is not sufficient to understand why people waste food; what they waste and how much is also important to know in order to generate ideas on how to intervene.

“Moreover, and with a direct link to the research question that directed this study, Hebrok and Boks (2017) highlight that 'it is not sufficient to understand why people waste food, what they waste and how much is also important to know in order to generate ideas on how to intervene' (p.382).”

• cites Hebrok and Boks (2017) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of interviews enabled the triangulation of data through the application of two methods to the same topic.

“The use of interviews also enabled the triangulation of data through the application of two methods to the same topic (Patton, 1999).”

• cites Patton, 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Many organisations follow a manufacturing logic or so-called 'inside-out' approach, which starts with the production and ends with the point of sale, where products and services are exchanged for money.

“Many organisations follow a manufacturing logic or so-called 'inside-out' approach, which starts with the production and ends with the point of sale, where products and services are exchanged for money.”

• cites Hill and Martin, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kimbell, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The 'inside-out' approach is far too narrow because it overlooks what consumers actually do with the purchased products to serve their specific needs.

“Adopting a service lens reveals that the 'inside-out' approach is far too narrow because it overlooks what consumers actually do with the purchased products to serve their specific needs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The adoption of an 'outside-in' approach requires the application of research methods that enable an in-depth exploration of the specific circumstances surrounding the consumer's value creation process.

“The adoption of an 'outside-in' approach requires the application of research methods that enable an in-depth exploration of the specific circumstances surrounding the consumer's value creation process (Helkkula et al., 2012).”

• cites Helkkula et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Multiple methods of data collection (e.g. combining interviews with observations) are important to capture lived experiences and provide a nuanced account of how and why food gets wasted.

“For example, Schanes et al. (2018) conclude that 'multiple methods of data collection (e.g.combining interviews with observations) is important to capture lived experiences and provide a nuanced account of how and why food gets wasted' (p.989).”

• cites Schanes et al. (2018) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Families with children were slightly overrepresented, while single-person households were underrepresented.

“Families with children were slightly overrepresented, while single-person households were underrepresented.”

May combine two claims.

There seems to be an expectation that fruit and vegetables do not need to be or should not be packed.

“In fact, there seems to be an expectation that fruit and vegetables do not need to be or should not be packed.”

May combine two claims.

Consumers might not even be aware of the food waste they generate or how different packaging functions affect the quantity of food being wasted.

“Consequently, consumers might not even be aware of the food waste they generate or how different packaging functions affect the quantity of food being wasted.”

May combine two claims.

Design changes focused on packaging content, reclosing functions and food safety information can all contribute to a reduction in dairy food waste.

“Thus, design changes focused on packaging content, reclosing functions and food safety information can all contribute to a reduction in dairy food waste.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Fully understanding the relationship between packaging and food waste requires an in-depth understanding of consumers' shopping and food consumption practices alongside the packaging solutions that are actually available to them.

“Therefore, fully understanding the relationship between packaging and food waste requires an in-depth understanding of consumers' shopping and food consumption practices alongside the packaging solutions that are actually available to them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All participating households completed the diary and attended the concluding interview, indicating that the self-selection procedure was effective.

“All participating households completed the diary and attended the concluding interview, indicating that the self-selection procedure was effective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To increase the rigour of the qualitative analysis, the data were analysed and then cross-checked by two researchers.

“To increase the rigour of the qualitative analysis, the data were analysed and then cross-checked by two researchers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The proportion of participants with university education (76%) is well above the national average (42%).

“Nine participants had completed upper secondary school and 28 had studied at university (76%), which is well above the national average (42% of the Swedish population obtain a university degree) (Statistics Sweden, 2018).”

• cites Statistics Sweden, 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The results of this study provide insights into which packaging functions are most important for reducing waste across the main food products used in households.

“The results of this study provide insights into which packaging functions are most important for reducing waste across the main food products used in households.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

One main contribution of this research is its multi-step method applying three different data collection methods to holistically investigate food waste in households.

“One main contribution of this research is its multi-step method applying three different data collection methods to holistically investigate food waste in households.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Self-selected consumers, as found in innovation studies, seem knowledgeable about the underlying topic and ahead of trends.

“In addition, self-selected consumers, as found in innovation studies (Poetz and Schreier, 2012;Trischler et al., 2018a), seem knowledgeable about the underlying topic and ahead of trends.”

• cites Poetz and Schreier, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Trischler et al., 2018aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These insights have important implications for policymaking, food packaging design and future research on household food waste practices.

“These insights, as we discuss here, have important implications for policymaking, food packaging design and future research on household food waste practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The confusion created by different kinds of labels and associated food waste has been documented extensively in the literature, yet the problem seems to persist.

“The confusion created by different kinds of labels and associated food waste has been documented extensively in the literature (Hebrok and Boks, 2017;Principato et al., 2015;Schanes et al., 2018), yet the problem seems to persist.”

• cites Hebrok and Boks, 2017 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Principato et al., 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schanes et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For policymaking and design efforts aimed at reducing household food waste, the study contributes a multi-step method that takes an 'outside-in' approach.

“For policymaking and design efforts aimed at reducing household food waste, we contribute a multi-step method that takes an 'outside-in' approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The main contribution of this study lies in its evaluation of packaging functions across different food categories.

“The main contribution of this study lies in its evaluation of packaging functions across different food categories.”

May combine two claims.

The food packaging-environmental impact ratio varies widely among different products, and adding packaging material or reducing the packaging size is often justified, particularly for meat and milk products, because of the high environmental impact of those food products.

“While the food packagingeenvironmental impact ratio varies widely among different products, adding packaging material or reducing the packaging size is often justified, but this is particularly true for meat and milk products, even if the ultimate reduction in food waste is small, because of the high environmental impact of those food products (Heller et al., 2019;Wikstr€ om et al., 2019).”

• cites Heller et al., 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wikstr€ om et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

In combination, these methods provide insights not only into how much food is wasted but also how and why food gets wasted, which are important aspects for developing effective policy and design interventions.

“In combination, these methods provide insights not only into how much food is wasted but also how and why food gets wasted, which are important aspects for developing effective policy and design interventions (Hebrok and Boks, 2017;Schanes et al., 2018).”

• cites Hebrok and Boks, 2017 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schanes et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Consumers often do not recognise the role of packaging in food waste, which makes it difficult to investigate the link between food waste and packaging functions.

“This applies to packaging: consumers often do not recognise the role of packaging in food waste, which makes it difficult to investigate the link between food waste and packaging functions (Williams et al., 2012).”

• cites Williams et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The method is resource intensive for the researcher but also in terms of the time and commitment required of consumers to evaluate food waste in their homes.

“First, the method is resource intensive for the researcher but also in terms of the time and commitment required of consumers to evaluate food waste in their homes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This unlocking through packaging design can constitute an important prerequisite for reducing food waste across different food categories.

“We propose that this unlocking through packaging design can constitute an important prerequisite for reducing food waste across different food categories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Providing information that helps consumers accurately judge the safety of food is particularly important for bread, dairy, meat and fish.

“The importance of providing information that helps consumers accurately judge the safety of food is particularly important for bread, dairy, meat and fish.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Sensitisation is typically used to raise awareness around a topic about which participants were not previously aware.

“Sensitisation is typically used to raise awareness around a topic about which participants were not previously aware (Visser et al., 2005).”

• cites Visser et al., 2005 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The self-selection procedure used in the present study seems suitable because it attracts consumers who are willing to contribute their unique insights and experiences of food-related practices in relation to packaging.

“Nonetheless, the self-selection procedure used in the present study seems suitable because it attracts consumers who are willing to contribute their unique insights and experiences of food-related practices in relation to packaging.”

May combine two claims.

Consumers were sensitised before participating in this study; therefore, at the outset, they were made aware of the role of packaging in household food waste.

“Second, consumers were sensitised before participating in this study; therefore, at the outset, they were made aware of the role of packaging in household food waste.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The second packaging function for reducing food waste is information about food safety.

“The second packaging function for reducing food waste is information about food safety.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The participating households were predominantly environmentally conscious and had been made aware up front of the role of packaging in food waste.

“Here, it should be noted that the participating households were predominantly environmentally conscious and had been made aware up front of the role of packaging in food waste.”

May combine two claims.

The multi-step method combining a questionnaire, food waste diary and in-depth interview applied to 37 Swedish households provides new insights into the food waste-packaging relationship, which several recent studies have called for.

“In combination, this approach provides new insights into the food wasteepackaging relationship, which several recent studies have called for (Hebrok and Boks, 2017;Schanes et al., 2018;Wikstr€ om et al., 2019).”

• cites Hebrok and Boks, 2017 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schanes et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wikstr€ om et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These consumers might not only be valuable for knowledge generation but might become direct contributors during the innovation process, especially in regard to incorporating their needs into new packaging designs.

“Thus, these consumers might not only be valuable for knowledge generation but might become direct contributors during the innovation process, especially in regard to incorporating their needs into new packaging designs (see e.g.Kim et al., 2020).”

• cites Kim et al., 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The insights derived from the multi-step method can guide the design of interventions to help 'unlock' unsustainable patterns within the consumer's existing practice arrangement.

“As such, the insights derived from the multi-step method can guide the design of interventions to help 'unlock' unsustainable patterns within the consumer's existing practice arrangement (Scheurenbrand et al., 2018).”

• cites Scheurenbrand et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Making participants aware that the research focus is not their behaviour but on packaging functions might reduce the common problem of underreporting food waste.

“In addition, making participants aware that the research focus is not their behaviour but on packaging functions might reduce the common problem of underreporting food waste (Banjo and Val, 2011;Schanes et al., 2018).”

• cites Banjo and Val, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Schanes et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The method is limited to a small, selected consumer group, which leads to concerns about generalisability.

“Consequently, the method is limited to a small, selected consumer group, which leads to concerns about generalisability (Maxwell, 1992).”

• cites Maxwell, 1992 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A packaging design that addresses the listed malfunctions for the respective food products would better support consumers' use process and help in reducing food waste.

“In other words, a packaging design that addresses the below listed malfunctions for the respective food products would not only better support consumers' use process but also help in reducing food waste.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This study is among the first to explore the complex relationship between packaging and food waste across different food categories.

“This study is among the first to explore the complex relationship between packaging and food waste across different food categories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The service lens acknowledges that a product (e.g. the package) is only one of many resources within the consumer's value creation process.

“In addition, the service lens acknowledges that a product (e.g. the package) is only one of many resources within the consumer's value creation process.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: A product (e.g. the package) is only one of many resources within the consumer's value creation process.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Behavioural economics theory supports the argument that nudging interventions can be an effective policy instrument for indirectly altering behaviour and decision-making processes.

“Behavioural economics theory supports this argument by showing that nudging interventions can be an effective policy instrument for indirectly altering behaviour and decision-making processes (Thaler and Sunstein, 2008).”

• cites Thaler and Sunstein, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

There is a potential risk that consumers began modifying their shopping, food handling and storing behaviours during the reporting week, either to not have to fill in the diary or to avoid potential feelings of guilt.

“Thus, there is a potential risk that consumers began modifying their shopping, food handling and storing behaviours during the reporting week, either to not have to fill in the diary or to avoid potential feelings of guilt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It may not be fruitful to use a longer test period than one week because this might result in participant fatigue or misrepresented results.

“On one hand, this observation indicates that it may not be fruitful to use a longer test period than one week because this might result in participant fatigue or misrepresented results.”