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Cited by 241Recycling and Waste Management TechniquesSustainable Supply Chain ManagementWaste Management and Recycling

A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy

Open access
Islam, Md Tasbirul, Huda, Nazmul, Baumber, Alex, Shumon, Rezaul, Zaman, Atiq, Ali, Forkan, Hossain, Rumana, Sahajwalla, Veena·2021·Journal of Cleaner Production
DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128297
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Abstract

Abstract To tackle the alarming increase in e-waste or end-of-life (EoL) electronic products, consumer behavior towards the end of their useful life needs to be thoroughly studied. End users or consumers are the starting point where e-waste starts its journey into several paths within the circular economy (CE), such as repair, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. E-waste often ends up in landfill due to improper disposal of e-waste with household waste by consumers. Studying consumer behavior allows for the identification of appropriate approaches to achieve CE. Numerous academic journal papers have been published concerning consumers' e-waste-related knowledge and awareness, and behavior on consumption, disposal, storage, recycling, and repair. Substantial knowledge gap exists around how understandings of consumer behavior around e-waste may be integrated into the CE model. This article aims to reduce this gap by reviewing 109 research papers published in international peer-reviewed journals identified in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database, using content analysis methodology to analyze and review the articles. The study aims to provide invaluable input for developing a more consumer-centric CE framework for both policymakers and researchers seeking to advance knowledge and implementation strategies around e-waste. This is one of the earliest systematic reviews of studies on consumer behavior around e-waste. The study results show that consumers' disposal and recycling behaviors are the two main areas of research interest in the studies reviewed. In contrast, reuse and repair behavior were investigated to a lesser extent. In this study, several research gaps and areas for future research are identified, along with suggestions for a CE framework focusing on the e-waste sector that, encompasses policy initiatives and business model innovations. The identified studies presented here offer a valuable starting point for researchers who are starting to work on consumer behavior-related e-waste research.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128297

Cites

160 of 160 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

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  • Findingcitation

    Consumers demanded more information on where they can recycle their small WEEE instead of why they should recycle.

    “Darby and Obara (2005) mentioned that consumers demanded more information on where they can recycle their small WEEE instead why they should recycle.”
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    • cites Darby and Obara (2005) source

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  • Findingcitation

    Some studies indicated that the level of awareness related to e-waste's negative environmental impacts is still substantially low.

    “however, some studies indicated that level of awareness related to this is still substantially low (Awasthi and Li, 2018, Borthakur and Govind, 2019, Ravindra and Mor, 2019, Saritha et al., 2015)”
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    • cites Awasthi and Li, 2018 source

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    • cites Borthakur and Govind, 2019 source

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    • cites Ravindra and Mor, 2019 source

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  • Findingreasoning

    The final selection comprised 109 articles that focused only on consumers' behavior around e-waste.

    “Finally, 109 articles were found that only focused only on consumers' behavior around e-waste.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The selected 109 articles are representative of global consumer behavior research on e-waste.
    • Rests on an assumption: The WoS core collection and the keyword search captured all relevant articles on consumer behavior around e-waste.
  • Findingown data

    In 24 papers, e-waste was not categorized and was considered 'e-waste in general'.

    “In 24 papers, e-waste was not categorized; here, it is considered”
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  • Findingcitation

    Sometimes people do not consider e-waste as dangerous and toxic.

    “even sometimes people do not consider e-waste as dangerous and toxic (Pandebesie et al., 2019).”
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    Findingown data

    MPs (over 45%) were the most widely discussed topic in the consumer behavior related e-waste research, followed by DCs (over 25%) and LCDs (25%).

    “MPs (over 45%) were the most widely discussed topic in the consumer behavior related e-waste research (identified by analyzing the papers), followed by DCs (over 25%) and liquid crystalline displays (LCDs) (25%).”
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    Findingown data

    Approximately 13% of the articles mentioned that a survey was performed but did not explicitly mention any specific DCTs.

    “Approximately 13% of the articles mentioned that a survey was performed; but did not explicitly mention any specific DCTs.”
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    Findingown data

    The selected articles were published in thirty-six different journal outlets.

    “The selected articles were published in thirty-six different journal outlets.”
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    Findingcitation

    Lack of information related to e-waste was found to be one of the critical aspects that need to be disseminated, as often e-waste recycling-related activities and consumers' role is unclear.

    “Lack of information related to e-waste was found to be one of the critical aspects that need to be disseminated (Gök et al., 2017), as often e-waste recycling-related activities and consumers' role is unclear (understood as complicated and time-demanding task).”
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    The highest number of papers were published in 2019.

    “The highest number of papers were published in 2019.”
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    Findingown data

    Around 6% of the articles used both PBSs and FTFIs.

    “In some cases, multiple DCTs were also observed; for instance, around 6% of the articles used both PBSs and FTFIs.”
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    Findingown data

    The most frequent research methodology was statistical (57%), followed by theoretical (17%), analytical (14%), survey (9%), and case study (3%).

    “In terms of research methodology (Fig. 8), the most frequent methodology was statistical (57%), followed by theoretical (17%), analytical (14%), survey (9%), and case study (3%).”
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    Findingown data

    Face-to-face interviews were implemented by 24% of the articles, followed by paper-based surveys (22%) and online surveys (21%).

    “After analyzing the data collection technique (DCT) of the papers (Fig. 9), it is found that face-to-face interviews (FTFI) were implemented by 24% of the articles, followed by paper-based surveys (PBS) (22%) and online surveys (21%).”
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    Findingcitation

    Mature adult consumers generally consider e-waste to create negative environmental impacts, and young consumers do too.

    “Generally, mature adult consumers consider e-waste to create negative environmental impacts (Afroz et al., 2013, Siringo et al., 2020, Tan et al., 2018), even young consumers (Islam et al., 2020b, Ramzan et al., 2019);”
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    • cites Siringo et al., 2020

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    Findingcitation

    In an e-waste takeback system, lack of awareness, insufficient information, and socio-demographic factors (e.g., age, gender) significantly affect consumers' motivation to return e-waste.

    “In an e-waste takeback system, lack of awareness, insufficient information, and socio-demographic factors (e.g., age, gender) significantly affect consumers' motivation to return e-waste (Botelho et al., 2016).”
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    Findingown data

    40 papers out of 106 papers were published before 2016, while 70 papers were from 2017 or later.

    “40 papers out of 106 papers were published before 2016, while 70 papers from 2017 or later.”
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    Findingown data

    SITTE (39%) products were most frequently considered, followed by SE (29%).

    “1. SITTE (39%) products were most frequently considered, followed by SE (29%).”
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    Findingown data

    Disposal behavior was most commonly assessed (26% of the publications), followed by consumption behavior (20%) and knowledge and awareness (19%).

    “Disposal behavior was most commonly-assessed (26% of the 255 publications), followed by consumption behavior (20%) and knowledge and awareness (19%).”
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    Findingown data

    China produced the highest number of articles (26 papers until November 2020), higher than the USA (10 articles) and Spain (6 articles).

    “China, under the group of developing countries, produced the highest number of articles (26 papers until November 2020), and this number is higher than the number of papers published by some of the countries from developed nations such as the USA (10 articles) and Spain (6 articles).”
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    Findingown data

    Most of the selected papers were published in renowned journals such as the Journal of Cleaner Production, Waste Management, Resources Conservation, and Recycling and Sustainability.

    “From Fig. 4, it is evident that most of the papers were published in renowned journals such as the Journal of Cleaner Production, Waste Management, Resources Conservation, and Recycling and Sustainability.”
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    Malaysia (5 papers), India (9 papers), and Brazil (5 papers) were some of the other developing countries in which consumers' behavior was studied.

    “Malaysia (5 papers), India (9 papers), and Brazil (5 papers) were some of the other developing countries in which consumers' behavior was studied.”
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    Findingcitation

    The major contributing factors to high penetration and replacement rates were rapid economic growth of a country, income of growing consumer segments, competitive market for electronic products, affordable fast-pace technological innovation and price, local manufacturing base, ever-increasing consumer demand, and poor electronic repairability coupled with shorter product lifespan.

    “The major contributing factors to high penetration and replacement rates were the rapid economic growth of a country (Bhatt et al., 2017, Huang et al., 2006, Nguyen et al., 2009), the income of growing consumer segments, and the competitive market for electronic products (Arain et al., 2020, Cai et al., 2020, Shaikh et al., 2020), affordable fast-pace technological innovation and price (Afroz et a”
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    Findingcitation

    Publicizing information regarding formal C&RSs was found to be critical in several studies, while Wang et al. (2018) disagreed with that.

    “Publicizing information regarding formal C&RSs was found to be critical in several studies (Cai et al., 2020, Park et al., 2019, Yin et al., 2014, Ylä-Mella et al., 2015), while Wang et al. (2018) disagreed with that.”
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    Findingcitation

    Environmental consciousness existed among Portuguese consumers, but due to a lack of knowledge about recycling campaigns/programs, such moderately familiar aspects failed to capitalize on the higher collection and recycling rate of waste tablets and MPs.

    “Martinho et al. (2017) mentioned that environmental consciousness existed among Portuguese consumers, however, due to a lack of knowledge about recycling campaigns/programs, such moderately familiar aspects failed to capitalize on the higher collection and recycling rate of waste tablets and MPs.”
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    Findingcitation

    In the case of waste mobile phone recycling, low awareness levels and inadequate recycling abilities were considered as main obstacles.

    “Product-specific waste collection, for instance, in the case of waste mobile phone (WMP) recycling, low awareness levels, and inadequate recycling abilities were considered as main obstacles (Liu et al., 2019).”
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    Findingcitation

    Young consumers in a developing country, such as China, believe that EM is a shared responsibility of different stakeholders, including consumers, the government, manufacturers, and sellers.

    “Young consumers in a developing country, such as China, believe that EM is a shared responsibility of different stakeholders, including consumers, the government, manufacturers, and sellers (Ramzan et al., 2019).”
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    Findingcitation

    Respondents are willing to share environmental responsibilities around e-waste in China and similar perceptions exist amongst Australian consumers.

    “Huang et al. (2006) also found that respondents are willing to share environmental responsibilities around e-waste in China and similar perceptions exist amongst Australian consumers (Islam et al., 2020b).”
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    Findingcitation

    Respondents' socio-demographic characteristics had no significant influence on the levels of awareness, knowledge, and willingness to participate in the EM programs and extended producer responsibility schemes.

    “However, Miner et al. (2020) mentioned that respondents' socio-demographic characteristics had no significant influence on the levels of awareness, knowledge, and willingness to participate in the EM programs and extended producer responsibility schemes.”
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    Findingcitation

    Among the various categories of e-waste, SE has a relatively shorter lifespan, and the products' expected lifespan decreases with the electronic device's portability.

    “Among the various categories of e-waste, SE has a relatively shorter lifespan, and Echegaray (2016) found that the products' expected lifespan decreases with the electronic device's portability.”
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    Findingcitation

    Despite self-reported awareness, consumers were not familiar with the various classifications of e-waste under the national EM of Lithuania.

    “Dagiliūtė et al. (2019) mentioned that despite self-reported awareness, consumers were not familiar with the various classifications of e-waste (category of EEE) under the national EM of Lithuania.”
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    Findingcitation

    During the Christmas season, consumption of electrical and electronic toys increases.

    “During the Christmas season, consumption of electrical and electronic toys increases (Pérez-Belis, V. et al., 2015).”
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    Findingcitation

    Providing education to young people and making e-waste sites convenient for older people were crucial aspects of participants' willingness to recycle.

    “Saphores et al. (2006) mentioned that providing education to young people and making e-waste sites convenient (similar to the curbside collection program for other recyclable products) for older people were crucial aspects of participants' willingness to recycle.”
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    Findingcitation

    12% of respondents (mostly young consumers) threw e-waste with household waste.

    “as indicated by Pasiecznik et al. (2017)'s study in which 12% of respondents (mostly young consumers) did so.”
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    Findingcitation

    Community-based interventions to improve awareness levels have significance.

    “Miner et al. (2020) mentioned that community-based interventions to improve awareness levels have significance.”
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    Findingcitation

    Gender and age were associated with recycling program familiarity.

    “while Milovantseva and Saphores (2013a) found gender and age.”
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    Findingcitation

    Consumers tended to purchase mobile phones more frequently, and the service life of mobile phones was decreasing dramatically, with phones most commonly purchased brand new through official channels.

    “Bai et al. (2018) reported that consumers tended to purchase mobile phones more frequently, and the service life of mobile phones was decreasing dramatically, with phones most commonly purchased brand new through official channels.”
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    Findingcitation

    Within 2-3 years, MPs were replaced, and for computers, it was every 3-4 years.

    “For example, within 2-3 years, MPs were replaced, and for computers, it was every 3-4 years.”
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    Findingcitation

    In some studies, fashion pursuit and additional/more advanced technological features were selected as the main reason for device replacement.

    “In some studies, fashion pursuit (Cao et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2019),”
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    Findingcitation

    Female respondents were more inclined towards 'recognition,' 'brand advantage,' and 'perceived price' than their male counterparts.

    “Authors also found that female respondents were more inclined towards”
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    • cites Tu et al. (2018)

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    Findingcitation

    More than two MPs were possessed by the majority of the consumers in China.

    “Bai et al. (2018) identified that more than two MPs were possessed by the majority of the consumers in China.”
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    Findingcitation

    Recommendations from friends and store promotion were motivating factors behind purchasing decisions.

    “Recommendations from friends and, store promotion were some of the motivating factors behind purchasing decisions (Afroz et al., 2012), while Huang et al. (2006) found that”
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    Findingcitation

    The primary enablers for green product purchase and WTP for such products were environmental attitude, resource, ease of use, and product eco-labeling.

    “The primary enablers for green product purchase and WTP for such products were environmental attitude (improving local environment), resource (money or wealth), ease of use, and product eco-labeling (Huang et al., 2006, Nnorom et al., 2009, Sheoran and Kumar, 2020).”
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    Findingcitation

    Brand recognition, service quality, usage period, and perceived prices are the most significant characteristics of 'iPhone' as a MP brand.

    “Tu et al. (2018) found that brand recognition, service quality, usage period, and perceived prices are the most significant characteristics of”
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    Findingcitation

    Launching of new products with more powerful designs and extended capacity and increasing purchasing power were the main reasons for new product purchase.

    “while Huang et al. (2006) found that”
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    Findingcitation

    Variable ownership levels exist for different appliances, with MPs having the highest per-capita consumption and DCs the lowest.

    “Echegaray (2016) and Li et al. (2012) showed variable ownership levels for different appliances, with MPs having the highest per-capita consumption and, DCs the lowest.”
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    • cites Li et al. (2012)

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    Findingcitation

    The products' purchase and use intentions were found to be positive, despite discrepancies about extra money.

    “The products' purchase and use intentions were found to be positive, despite discrepancies about extra money (Saphores et al., 2007).”
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    Findingnone given

    Replaced phones were still in working condition and hold economic value.

    “However, replaced phones were still in working condition and hold economic value.”
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    Findingcitation

    Except for mobile phones, per capita consumption for large equipment was higher than small equipment such as camcorders and printers.

    “Chi et al. (2014) mentioned that, except for mobile phones, per capita consumption for large equipment was higher than small equipment such as camcorders and printers.”
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    Findingcitation

    Mobile phone ownership was higher than other LE such as WMs, ACs, and SE such as tablets and DCs.

    “Similarly, Araujo et al. (2017) observed that mobile phone ownership was higher than other LE such as WMs, ACs, and SE such as tablets and DCs.”
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    Findingcitation

    The device acquisition (possession) period was higher for white goods but smaller for SE and screen categories.

    “Rodrigues et al. (2020) found that the device acquisition (possession) period was higher for white goods but smaller for SE and screen categories.”
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    Findingnone given

    Beyond four years, none of the devices were used.

    “However, beyond four years, none of the devices were used.”
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    New device purchases do not necessarily depend on products being malfunctioned; instead, consumers demand improved quality or capacity.

    “New device purchases do not necessarily depend on products being malfunctioned; instead, consumers demand improved quality or capacity.”
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    Findingcitation

    Consumers tended to buy new phones even though their old phone is still working, with fashion and status often driving such behavior around mobile phones and small equipment.

    “Borthakur and Singh (2020) found that consumers tended to buy new phones even though their old phone is still working, with fashion and status often driving such behavior around mobile phones (Shaikh et al., 2020, Yin et al., 2014) and small equipment such as MP3/MP4 players and notebooks (Cai et al., 2020, Rodrigues et al., 2020).”
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    Findingcitation

    Product functionality is shifting towards more portable devices.

    “Zhang, L. et al. (2019) mentioned that product functionality is shifting towards more portable devices (e.g., DCs' functions could be replaced by tablets and laptops and digital cameras by mobile phone).”
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    • cites Zhang, L. et al. (2019)

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    Findingcitation

    Smartphone usage is higher than tablets in Portugal.

    “Martinho et al. (2017) identified that smartphone usage is higher than tablets in Portugal.”
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    Findingcitation

    In India, the number of out-of-use mobile phones was equal to or higher than the number of in-use mobile phones.

    “In India, Borthakur and Govind (2019) that the number of the out-of-use mobile phone was equal to or higher than the number of in-use mobile phones.”
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    Findingcitation

    For purchase motivation, 'recognition' and 'brand advantage' were the factors; for brand loyalty, 'recognition,' 'brand advantage,' and 'service quality' were essential; and 'perceived price' was necessary for purchase intention.

    “For purchase motivation,”
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    Findingnone given

    Articles discussing product replacement identified multiple reasons, which varied between products.

    “Articles discussing for product replacement identified multiple reasons, which varied between products.”
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    Findingcitation

    Comparative price, warranty period, brands, and installment facilities were critical criteria during product purchase.

    “Comparative price (Afroz et al., 2012, Gök et al., 2017, Islam et al., 2016), warranty period, brands, and installment facilities were also found as critical criteria during product purchase (Islam et al., 2016).”
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    Findingcitation

    Overall, storing at home is the most common disposal method, but it is typically temporary.

    “Overall,”
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    • cites Islam et al., 2020a

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    Findingcitation

    Consumers preferred to deliver e-waste to the channel due to economic benefits, as e-waste is considered a valuable commodity.

    “Consumers preferred to deliver e-waste to the channel due to economic benefits (Chung et al., 2011), as e-waste is considered a valuable commodity (Borthakur and Singh, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chung et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Borthakur and Singh, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingcitation

    Identifying the best exchange offer and price is the most critical factor for product return.

    “Identifying”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chi et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Dwivedy andMittal, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    In most cases, consumers wanted to store their devices at home.

    “This finding is different from others, where, in most cases, consumers wanted to store their devices at home.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    In developing countries, the informal sector e-waste collection is generally expected.

    “In developing countries, the informal sector e-waste collection is generally expected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Top cited reasons for storing old devices include barriers to recycling, such as cost and inconvenience, as well as benefits of keeping devices, such as spare parts, data retention, or to give to other people.

    “Top cited reasons for storing old devices found in the studies are shown in Table 4.These include barriers to recycling, such as cost and inconvenience, as well as the benefits of keeping devices, such as spare parts, data retention or to give to other people.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Only 8% of the articles (mostly from developed countries) discussed R&R consumer behavior.

    “only 8% of the articles (mostly from developed countries) discussed this specific consumer behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Existing e-waste-related regulation was found to be weak and did not reflect consumers' economic perspectives.

    “In most instances, existing e-waste-related regulation was found to be weak and did not reflect consumers' economic perspectives.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Germany is a gap, with only one paper identified despite it being one of the largest e-waste generating nations globally.

    “Germany is also a gap, with only one paper identified despite it being one of the largest e-waste generating nations globally (Islam et al., 2020b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Islam et al., 2020b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    High-income group adequately dispose of e-waste in appropriate channels in Brazil.

    “Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) mentioned that high-income group adequately dispose of e-waste in appropriate channels in Brazil.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Economic incentives can eliminate unused EEE items' storage behavior and improper disposal of e-waste.

    “Economic incentives can eliminate unused EEE items' storage behavior and improper disposal of e-waste (Nowakowski, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nowakowski, 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Consumers' eco-friendly behavior remains until the product purchase, but is diminished in the use-phase and at the EoL phase.

    “Consumers' eco-friendly behavior remains until the product purchase, but is diminished in the usephase, and at the EoL phase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The most viable donation organizations are a charity and local schools, where product reuse is often significantly higher than for other niche consumer segments.

    “The most viable donation organizations are a charity and local schools (Gupta et al., 2014), where product reuse is often significantly higher than for other niche consumer segments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gupta et al., 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    In some studies, the WTP amount was investigated but the desired amount of incentives that consumers required was not investigated.

    “In some studies, the WTP amount was investigated but the desired amount of incentives (cash or any other method) that consumers required was not investigated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Product user manuals provide information on product use with limited troubleshooting information or repair instructions.

    “In most cases, product user manuals provide information on product use with limited troubleshooting information or repair instructions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Substantial differences exist in e-waste storage behavior among homeowners and renters in China.

    “Wang et al. (2011) found that substantial differences exist in term of e-waste storage behavior among homeowners and renters in China.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wang et al. (2011) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    E-waste-related studies are now being conducted mostly from natural/applied science disciplines.

    “According to Borthakur and Govind (2019), e-waste-related studies are now being conducted mostly from natural/applied science disciplines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borthakur and Govind (2019) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    There are hardly any incentives available for designing products that facilitate reuse.

    “According to Dindarian et al. (2012), there are hardly any incentive available for designing products that facilitate reuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dindarian et al. (2012) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    E-waste is not seen as a recyclable item as compared to other recyclable items such as paper, plastics, and others.

    “Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) mentioned that e-waste is not seen as a recyclable item as compared to other recyclable items such as paper, plastics, and others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The most critical factors attributed to using appropriate recovery channels are recycling habits, economic benefits, the convenience of recycling facilities and services, and residential conditions.

    “According to Wang et al. (2011), the most critical factors attributed to using appropriate recovery channels are recycling habits, economic benefits, the convenience of recycling facilities and services, and residential conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wang et al. (2011) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Income and level of education were not significant predictors for the group.

    “Furthermore, the authors found that income and level of education were not significant predictors for the group, so better statistical aspects considering other socio-economic variables such as the number of families in the households, the number of children need to be considered.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wang et al. (2011) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The general TPB constructs were not assessed for secondhand product purchase.

    “The general TPB constructs were not assessed for secondhand product purchase, and in the future, researchers should identify the factors associated with the consumers' reuse behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Online product selling and exchange sites play a critical role in influencing consumption behavior.

    “Online product selling and exchange sites play a critical role in influencing consumption behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Young consumers (under 30 years old) preferred to use e-commerce sites for e-waste disposal, while older people did not.

    “Young consumers (<30 years old) preferred to use e-commerce sites for e-waste disposal, while older people did not.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Main determining factors for enhanced consumer participation in recycling systems are compensation mode, collection price, convenience, social pressure, laws and regulations, cost of recycling, and inconvenience of recycling.

    “main determining factors identified for enhanced participation of the consumers in any recycling system were compensation mode, collection price, and convenience degree, social pressure, laws and regulations, cost of recycling, and inconvenience of recycling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Zhang, Y. et al. (2019)

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2018) source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Milovantseva and Saphores (2013a)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All necessary data were extracted as per categories and subcategories identified by the researchers and input in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to avoid repetition error.

    “After the material collection, all necessary data have been extracted as per categories and subcategories identified by the researchers and input in a Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheet to avoid repetition error.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The consumer is one of the critical elements of the e-waste problem, with demand growth for EEE, consumers' environmental awareness, and behavior being key factors.

    “Parajuly et al. (2019) identified that the consumer is one of the critical elements of the e-waste problem, with demand growth for EEE, consumers' environmental awareness, and behavior being key factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Parajuly et al. (2019)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Consumer behavior focusing on e-waste can be categorized into consumption, storage, repair and reuse, disposal, and recycling.

    “Broadly, consumer behavior focusing on e-waste can be categorized into several areas: consumption, storage, repair and reuse (R&R), disposal, and recycling (Bovea, M.D. et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bovea, M.D. et al., 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    NVivo version 12 plus was utilized in some places, identifying specific content and subsequent analysis and for cross-referencing purposes, achieving validity of the content.

    “NVivo version 12 plus was utilized in some places, identifying specific content and subsequent analysis and for cross-referencing purposes.This is how the validity of the content has been achieved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The reliability of the content was measured by both intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability.

    “The reliability of the content was measured by both intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Two researchers performed a validity test as the last part of the content analysis process, using inductive and deductive approaches simultaneously.

    “Using inductive and deductive approaches simultaneously, two researchers performed a validity test as the last part of the content analysis process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the WoS database, the same keywords were utilized to search articles, producing similar results with the correct articles, establishing reliability.

    “In the WoS database, the same keywords were utilized to search articles, producing similar results with the correct articles.This is how reliability was established.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Environmental consciousness among young university students is expected to be higher than the general population.

    “Environmental consciousness among young university students is expected to be higher than the general population, as seen by Dhingra and Maheshwari (2018) and Ramzan et al. (2019), and Islam et al. (2020b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dhingra and Maheshwari (2018)

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ramzan et al. (2019) source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Islam et al. (2020b)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For a formal system, weak environmental protection awareness and limited knowledge of recycling channels result in a low collection rate, which is a loss in investment.

    “For a formal system (developed and prepared as per environmental guidelines), 'weak environmental protection awareness' and limited knowledge of recycling channels results in a low collection rate, which is a loss in investment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Due to lack of knowledge, informal sector collectors and recyclers got an advantage and became more influential.

    “Due to lack of knowledge, informal sector collectors and recyclers got an advantage and became more influential.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    There is an opportunity to influence and propagate pro-environment behavior amongst young adults through university programs.

    “Kumar (2019) mentioned an opportunity to influence and propagate pro-environment behavior amongst young adults through university programs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kumar (2019) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The first two reasons for product replacement (malfunction and technological obsolescence) were more evident in European developed countries, while demand for additional features is seen in the developing country context.

    “The first two reasons were more evident in European developed countries, and the last one is seen from the developing country's context.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationcitation

    Unstable electrical voltage as a main reason for product malfunctioning is a common phenomenon in developing countries.

    “It is a common phenomenon in developing countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Indonesia is representative of developing countries for the phenomenon of unstable electrical voltage causing product malfunction.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Unstable electrical voltage was the main reason for products malfunctioning in Indonesia.

    “Pandebesie et al. (2019) discovered that the unstable electrical voltage was the main reason for products malfunctioning in Indonesia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pandebesie et al., 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Due to 'OFN,' large equipment (LE) was going to formal channels.

    “Cao et al. (2016) indicated that due to”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cao et al. (2016) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Donation is a product lifespan extension process that reduces e-waste generation.

    “It is a product lifespan extension process that reduces EG (Rodrigues et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rodrigues et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Overall, product lifespan is a critical parameter that is generally used to estimate e-waste generation.

    “Overall, product lifespan is a critical parameter that is generally used to estimate EG.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Portugal, 'exchange for money' was the expected incentive, mainly demanded by males.

    “Botelho et al. (2016) found that 'exchange for money' (mainly demanded by males) was the expected incentive in Portugal”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Botelho et al. (2016) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Small-sized mobiles and cameras were stored at home and remained idle without incentives.

    “small-sized mobiles and cameras were stored at home and remained idle without incentives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cao et al. (2016) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Macau residents did not consider the small financial benefit of selling discarded electronic products, unlike mainland Chinese residents.

    “Song et al. (2012) concluded that Macau residents did not consider the small financial benefit of selling discarded electronic products, which was different from mainland Chinese residents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Song et al. (2012) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In India, the age of waste microwave ovens was relatively shorter.

    “Dwivedy and Mittal (2013) found that in India, the age of waste microwave ovens was relatively shorter”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dwivedy and Mittal (2013) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Portugal, 'exchange for new EEE' followed 'exchange for money' as an expected incentive.

    “followed by 'exchange for new EEE,'”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Botelho et al. (2016) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The number of discarded units and the number of households were two critical parameters for RL system design.

    “Rodrigues et al. (2020) identified that the number of discarded units and the number of households were two critical parameters for RL system design.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rodrigues et al. (2020) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Consumers' innovative design ideas could significantly improve product design.

    “the authors found that consumers' innovative design ideas could significantly improve product design”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chuang and Liao (2018) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    WOM significantly impacted consumers' e-waste disposal behavior and motivated acting to recycle appropriately.

    “Gilal et al. (2019) mentioned that WOM significantly impacted consumers' e-waste disposal behavior, which also motivated acting to recycle appropriately.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gilal et al. (2019) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lack of awareness of consumers, delivery of e-waste-related information, and consumers' socio-demographic factors significantly affected consumers' motivation to return e-waste.

    “Botelho et al. (2016) found that lack of awareness of consumers, delivery of e-waste-related information, and the consumers' socio-demographic factors significantly affected consumers' motivation to return e-waste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Botelho et al. (2016) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    University students intend to choose online recycling platforms to dispose of obsolete electronics.

    “Zhang, L. et al. (2019) mentioned that”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhang, L. et al. (2019)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    'Sell to second-hand stores' and 'sell to after-sales repair stations' were the two dominant choices.

    “Cao et al. (2016) found that”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cao et al. (2016) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Cost of delivery by consumers to the collection system and receiving incentives were the two significant attributes of a successful system.

    “Cost of delivery (by consumers) to the collection system and receiving incentives were the two significant attributes of a successful system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    NGOs could play a vital role in mediating consumers' improper disposal behavior where sociocultural circumstances, lack of advanced technology and infrastructure, and environmental considerations are limited.

    “Awasthi and Li (2018) argued that non-government organizations (NGOs) could play a vital role in mediating consumers' improper disposal behavior where sociocultural circumstances, lack of advanced technology and infrastructure, and environmental considerations are limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Awasthi and Li (2018) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The number of collection points, % of female, and % of waste separately collected were positively correlated with kg of e-waste collected.

    “The number of collection points, % of female, % of waste separately collected were positively correlated with kg of E-waste collected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    WEEE-related regulation is expected to affect mobile phone collection positively.

    “Tan et al. (2018) mentioned that WEEE-related regulation is expected to affect mobile phone collection positively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tan et al. (2018) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Well-designed and door-stepping delivery of campaigns could potentially shape consumers' disposal behavior for the items.

    “Furthermore, well-designed and door-stepping delivery of the campaigns could potentially shape consumers' disposal behavior for the items.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sorting e-waste from other types of waste was performed by 28% of the participants, mostly young university students (YUSs).

    “Gök et al. (2017) found that sorting e-waste from other types of waste was performed by 28% of the participants, mostly YUSs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gök et al. (2017)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Consumers demanded government departments or other organizations to be involved in e-waste disposal, mostly a well-developed collection system including telephone reservation.

    “Song et al. (2012) indicated that consumers demanded government departments or other organizations to be involved in the e-waste disposal, mostly a well-developed collection system that included a component”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Song et al. (2012) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Multinational mobile manufacturing companies had collection points in India.

    “Kumar (2017) argued that multinational mobile manufacturing companies had collection points in India”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kumar (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Involvement and endorsement of the recycling industry and government were imperative.

    “involvement and endorsement of the recycling industry and government were imperative (Bai et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bai et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The stockpiled small e-waste category represented a vital source of revenue.

    “Pierron et al. (2017) mentioned that the stockpiled small e-waste category represented a vital source of revenue.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pierron et al. (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Producer responsibility organizations and private entities (including NGOs) could be potential places for sustainable disposal locations.

    “Martinho et al. (2017) mentioned that producer responsibility organizations (PROs), private entities (including non-government organizations (NGOs)) could be potential places for sustainable disposal locations”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martinho et al. (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    R&R is the first step of the entire closed-loop chain that extends product lifespan and reclaims the value of used EEE.

    “In the light of the CE principle, R&R is the first step of the entire closed-loop chain that extends the product lifespan and reclaim the value of used EEE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There is a need for direct communication and booking channel with visiting engineers at the e-waste collection facility, as a free service, which consumers preferred.

    “There is a need for direct communication and booking channel with visiting engineers at the e-waste collection facility (and as a free service), which the consumers preferred.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More than half of local companies failed to provide information on physical collection points.

    “and more than half failed to provide information on physical collection points.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kumar (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In China, the 'Green Box Program' and 'OFN activity' (without incentives) were the two official disposal channels that consumers utilized.

    “In China, the”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yin et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a positive impact on the behavioral intentions of Chinese millennials on the adoption of online e-waste collection platforms.

    “perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a positive impact”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ramzan et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Convenience and policy effectiveness influenced the youth e-waste disposal intention.

    “Convenience and policy effectiveness influenced the youth e-waste disposal intention (Shaharudin et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shaharudin et al., 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Students' union facilities and libraries were the preferred central locations for disposal.

    “Ongondo and Williams (2011) concluded that students' union facilities and libraries were the preferred central locations for disposal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ongondo and Williams (2011) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Local companies in India had no take-back mechanisms.

    “while local companies had no take-back mechanisms”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kumar (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    More products are now being sold online than ever before, and in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, sales of electronic products have been skyrocketing.

    “More products are now being sold online than ever before, and in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, sales of electronic products have been skyrocketing (World Economic Forum, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites World Economic Forum, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Incentives are weak behavior reinforcers over the short term and negatively impact long term behavior.

    “However, according to Benabou and Tirole (2003), incentives are weak behavior reinforcers over the short term and negatively impact long term behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Benabou and Tirole (2003) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    0.75% of participants bought second-hand small EEE.

    “while 0.75% of the participants bought second-hand small EEE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pérez-Belis et al. (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Consumers demanded product information (in terms of design and labeling) and the products' durability.

    “The study results also revealed that consumers demanded product information (in terms of design and labeling) and the products' durability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pérez-Belis et al. (2017) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    If a paper missed the WoS database keywords, it might not appear in the collection and would not have been included in the analysis.

    “As the focus topic encompasses an interdisciplinary field of research, if any paper missed the WoS database keywords, it might not appear in the collection and would not have been included in the analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationnone given

    Providing a generalized recommendation linking circular economy principles and associated pathways is difficult because socio-economic conditions, policy, and regulation are country- and culture-specific.

    “Most importantly, it is often hard to provide a generalized recommendation linking circular economy principles (building blocks) and associated pathways as socio-economic conditions, policy, and regulation are both country and culture specific.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
132 of 132

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    This is the first attempt at reviewing consumer awareness and behavior focused on e-waste, considering all the behavioral aspects.

    “To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt at reviewing consumer awareness and behavior focused on e-waste, considering all the behavioral aspects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The selected 109 articles are representative of global consumer behavior research on e-waste.

    “Finally, 109 articles were found that only focused only on consumers' behavior around e-waste.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The WoS core collection and the keyword search captured all relevant articles on consumer behavior around e-waste.

    “To collect relevant articles that focused only on consumer behavior around e-waste, an extensive search was performed in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database using”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Indonesia is representative of developing countries for the phenomenon of unstable electrical voltage causing product malfunction.

    “It is a common phenomenon in developing countries.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Most consumers feel reluctant to dispose of e-waste through formal collection and recycling channels due to the considerable amount of time involved.

    “It is assumed that most consumers feel reluctant to dispose of e-waste through formal collection and recycling channels due to the considerable amount of time involved.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The growing secondhand product market is evident worldwide, primarily involving online product selling platforms such as eBay and Gumtree in Australia.

    “The growing secondhand product market is evident worldwide, primarily involving online product selling platforms such as eBay and Gumtree (in Australia).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cheaper products tend to have shorter lifespans.

    “As cheaper products tend to have shorter lifespans, product design characteristics need to be investigated further.”
7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Publication-period counts exceed the review total

    Major

    The two nonoverlapping periods contain 40 and 70 papers, totaling 110. That exceeds both the 106 papers stated in this sentence and the review's stated total of 109 articles.

    Reported 106 · recomputed 110

  • Geographic research gap points to the methods figure

    Minor

    The research-gap discussion cites Fig. 3 for the distribution of studies across countries, but the paper identifies Fig. 3 as a diagram of the content-analysis steps. It identifies Fig. 6 as the geographic distribution figure.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

14 of the 174 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Directive, 2012, Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment, WEEE, Off. J. European Union, 197, 38
  2. MacArthur, 2013, Towards the circular economy, J. Ind. Ecol., 2, 23
  3. Parajuly, 2020, Behavioral change for the circular economy: a review with focus on electronic waste management in the EU. Resources, Conserv. Recycl. X, 6, 100035

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Islam, M. T., Huda, N., Baumber, A., Shumon, R., Zaman, A., Ali, F., Hossain, R., & Sahajwalla, V.
Affiliations
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • Macquarie University (AU)
  • University of Technology Sydney (AU)
  • RMIT University (AU)
  • Curtin University (AU)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author
  • Islam, Md Tasbirul
  • Huda, Nazmul
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Cleaner Production
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-09
Volume
316
Pages
128297
ISSN
0959-6526 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128297
OpenAlex
W3178329719
Semantic Scholar
fe125a3c741e1d1d5c318981f5b836fa6d7fb5e2
Cited by
241
References
174
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 1
FWCI
21.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Cleaner Production (publishedVersion)
  • RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (acceptedVersion)
  • Figshare (acceptedVersion)
  • eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Macquarie University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
Keywords
electronic waste, consumer behavior, circular economy, e-waste recycling, e-waste disposal, reuse, repair, remanufacturing, consumer awareness, business model innovation, e-waste policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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