GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes
Open accessAbstract
GRADE requires guideline developers to make an overall rating of confidence in estimates of effect (quality of evidence-high, moderate, low, or very low) for each important or critical outcome. GRADE suggests, for each outcome, the initial separate consideration of five domains of reasons for rating down the confidence in effect estimates, thereby allowing systematic review authors and guideline developers to arrive at an outcome-specific rating of confidence. Although this rating system represents discrete steps on an ordinal scale, it is helpful to view confidence in estimates as a continuum, and the final rating of confidence may differ from that suggested by separate consideration of each domain. An overall rating of confidence in estimates of effect is only relevant in settings when recommendations are being made. In general, it is based on the critical outcome that provides the lowest confidence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The quality of evidence for all outcomes was judged using the GRADE system.
“The quality of evidence for all outcomes was judged using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system [35, 36].”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mental Health First Aid training: Effects on knowledge, stigma, and helping behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
The certainty of evidence was graded using the GRADE approach.
“The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach was applied.”
From The Effectiveness of Telemedicine Solutions for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Existing GRADE guidance for interventions begins a body of evidence from randomized trials at high certainty and from observational studies at low certainty, then considers eight domains, five for rating down and three for rating up.
“If the relevant studies are randomized trials, the body of evidence begins as high certainty. If the relevant studies are observational, the body of evidence begins as low certainty. This initial rating is followed by consideration of eight domains, five of which may result in rating down certainty, and three in rating up.(8)”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence
Balshem, H., Helfand, M., Schünemann, H. J., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Vist, G. E., Falck-Ytter, Y., Meerpohl, J., & Norris, S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 · Cited by 8,285 · see citing works
Self-citationGRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias)
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Montori, V., Akl, E. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Falck-Ytter, Y. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017 · Cited by 2,798 · see citing works
Self-citationGRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence—imprecision
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Rind, D., Devereaux, P. J., Montori, V. M., Freyschuss, B., Vist, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012 · Cited by 2,693 · see citing works
Self-citationGRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence—inconsistency
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Woodcock, J., Brozek, J., Helfand, M., Alonso-Coello, P., Glasziou, P., Jaeschke, R., Akl, E. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
Self-citationGRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Atkins, D., Brozek, J., Vist, G., Alderson, P., Glasziou, P., Falck-Ytter, Y., & Schünemann, H. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.09.012 · Cited by 1,911 · see citing works
Self-citationGRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence—indirectness
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Woodcock, J., Brozek, J., Helfand, M., Alonso-Coello, P., Falck-Ytter, Y., Jaeschke, R., Vist, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.04.014 · Cited by 1,843 · see citing works
Self-citationGRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence—publication bias
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Montori, V., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Djulbegovic, B., Atkins, D., Falck-Ytter, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
Self-citationThe case of the misleading funnel plot
Lau, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Terrin, N., Schmid, C. H., & Olkin, I. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7568.597 · Cited by 1,766 · see citing works
GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Sultan, S., Glasziou, P., Akl, E. A., Alonso-Coello, P., Atkins, D., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Montori, V., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Self-citationThe safety of statins in clinical practice
Armitage, J. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60716-8 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases With Statin Therapy
Thavendiranathan, P. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2307 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids
Alonso‐Coello, P., Zhou, Q. X., Martínez‐Zapata, M. J., Mills, E. J., Heels‐Ansdell, D., Johanson, J. F., & Guyatt, G. H. (2006) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.5378 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationKaranicolas, P. J., Davies, E., Kunz, R., Briel, M., Koka, H., Payne, D. M., Smith, S. E., Hsu, H., Lin, P.-W., Bloechle, C., et al. (2007) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-006-9330-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., Stewart, L. A., & the PRISMA-P Group (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g7647 · Cited by 13,120 · see citing works
Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum, Watanabe, T., Muro, K., Ajioka, Y., Hashiguchi, Y., Ito, Y., Saito, Y., Hamaguchi, T., Ishida, H., Ishiguro, M., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s10147-017-1101-6 · Cited by 2,467 · see citing works
KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update
Ikizler, T. A., Burrowes, J. D., Byham-Gray, L. D., Campbell, K. L., Carrero, J.-J., Chan, W., Fouque, D., Friedman, A. N., Ghaddar, S., Goldstein-Fuchs, D. J., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.006 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
By the 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel (2023) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18372 · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works
Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis
Salanti, G., Del Giovane, C., Chaimani, A., Caldwell, D. M., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099682 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
Santesso, N., Glenton, C., Dahm, P., Garner, P., Akl, E. A., Alper, B., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Carrasco-Labra, A., De Beer, H., Hultcrantz, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Self-citationSchünemann, H. J., Cuello, C., Akl, E. A., Mustafa, R. A., Meerpohl, J. J., Thayer, K., Morgan, R. L., Gartlehner, G., Kunz, R., Katikireddi, S. V., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.01.012 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005652.pub2 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Lewin, S., Glenton, C., Munthe-Kaas, H., Carlsen, B., Colvin, C. J., Gülmezoglu, M., Noyes, J., Booth, A., Garside, R., & Rashidian, A. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001895 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
The GRADE Working Group clarifies the construct of certainty of evidence
Hultcrantz, M., Rind, D., Akl, E. A., Treweek, S., Mustafa, R. A., Iorio, A., Alper, B. S., Meerpohl, J. J., Murad, M. H., Ansari, M. T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.05.006 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Self-citationAlonso-Coello, P., Oxman, A. D., Moberg, J., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Akl, E. A., Davoli, M., Treweek, S., Mustafa, R. A., Vandvik, P. O., Meerpohl, J., et al. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i2089 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly palliative care for adults with advanced cancer
Haun, M. W., Estel, S., Rücker, G., Friederich, H.-C., Villalobos, M., Thomas, M., & Hartmann, M. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011129.pub2 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents
Eccleston, C., Palermo, T. M., Williams, A. C. D. C., Lewandowski Holley, A., Morley, S., Fisher, E., & Law, E. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003968.pub4 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Jakobsen, J. C., Wetterslev, J., Winkel, P., Lange, T., & Gluud, C. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-120 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Chiavaroli, L., Viguiliouk, E., Nishi, S., Blanco Mejia, S., Rahelić, D., Kahleová, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., Kendall, C., & Sievenpiper, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020338 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events
Martí-Carvajal, A. J., Solà, I., Lathyris, D., & Salanti, G. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006612.pub2 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Morgan, A. J., Ross, A., & Reavley, N. J. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197102 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
“The quality of evidence for all outcomes was judged using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system [35, 36].”
MethodPsychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder
Storebø, O. J., Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Kongerslev, M. T., Mattivi, J. T., Jørgensen, M. S., Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Sales, C. P., Callesen, H. E., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012955.pub2 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
De Crescenzo, F., D'Alò, G. L., Ostinelli, E. G., Ciabattini, M., Di Franco, V., Watanabe, N., Kurtulmus, A., Tomlinson, A., Mitrova, Z., Foti, F., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00878-9 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Roberts, N. P., Roberts, P. A., Jones, N., & Bisson, J. I. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.007 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Storebø, O. J., Ramstad, E., Krogh, H. B., Nilausen, T. D., Skoog, M., Holmskov, M., Rosendal, S., Groth, C., Magnusson, F. L., Moreira-Maia, C. R., et al. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009885.pub2 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents
Fisher, E., Law, E., Dudeney, J., Palermo, T. M., Stewart, G., & Eccleston, C. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003968.pub5 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Grading the strength of a body of evidence when assessing health care interventions: an EPC update
Berkman, N. D., Lohr, K. N., Ansari, M. T., Balk, E. M., Kane, R., McDonagh, M., Morton, S. C., Viswanathan, M., Bass, E. B., Butler, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.023 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Using systematic reviews in guideline development: The GRADE approach
Zhang, Y., Akl, E. A., & Schünemann, H. J. (2019) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1313 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationSupplemental vitamins and minerals for CVD prevention and treatment
Jenkins, D. J. A., Spence, J. D., Giovannucci, E. L., Kim, Y.-I., Josse, R., Vieth, R., Blanco Mejia, S., Viguiliouk, E., Nishi, S., Sahye-Pudaruth, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Lack of evidence to favor specific preventive interventions in psychosis: a network meta‐analysis
Davies, C., Cipriani, A., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Radua, J., Stahl, D., Provenzani, U., McGuire, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20526 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Lockhart, P. B., Tampi, M. P., Abt, E., Aminoshariae, A., Durkin, M. J., Fouad, A. F., Gopal, P., Hatten, B. W., Kennedy, E., Lang, M. S., et al. (2019) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2019.08.020 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Viguiliouk, E., Kendall, C. W., Kahleová, H., Rahelić, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., Choo, V. L., Mejia, S. B., Stewart, S. E., Leiter, L. A., Jenkins, D. J., et al. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.032 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Early psychological intervention following recent trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J., Lewis, C. E., & Bisson, J. I. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1695486 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Dragioti, E., Tsartsalis, D., Mentis, M., Mantzoukas, S., & Gouva, M. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104272 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Hooijmans, C. R., de Vries, R. B. M., Ritskes-Hoitinga, M., Rovers, M. M., Leeflang, M. M., IntHout, J., Wever, K. E., Hooft, L., de Beer, H., Kuijpers, T., et al. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187271 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationFisher, E., Law, E., Dudeney, J., Eccleston, C., & Palermo, T. M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011118.pub3 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Storebø, O. J., Skoog, M., Damm, D., Thomsen, P. H., Simonsen, E., & Gluud, C. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008223.pub2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Thompson, C. T., Vidgen, A., & Roberts, N. P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.006 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Li, S. S., Blanco Mejia, S., Lytvyn, L., Stewart, S. E., Viguiliouk, E., Ha, V., de Souza, R. J., Leiter, L. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006659 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Tsilas, C. S., de Souza, R. J., Mejia, S. B., Mirrahimi, A., Cozma, A. I., Jayalath, V. H., Ha, V., Tawfik, R., Di Buono, M., Jenkins, A. L., et al. (2017) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.160706 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Kahleova, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., Rahelić, D., Kendall, C. W., Rembert, E., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092209 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Viguiliouk, E., Blanco Mejia, S., Kendall, C. W. C., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2017) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13312 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Majzoub, A. M., Nayfeh, T., Barnard, A., Munaganuru, N., Dave, S., Singh, S., Murad, M. H., & Loomba, R. (2021) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16583 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Preventing the onset of post traumatic stress disorder
Bisson, J. I., Wright, L. A., Jones, K. A., Lewis, C., Phelps, A. J., Sijbrandij, M., Varker, T., & Roberts, N. P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ayoub-Charette, S., Liu, Q., Khan, T. A., Au-Yeung, F., Blanco Mejia, S., de Souza, R. J., Wolever, T. M., Leiter, L. A., Kendall, C., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024171 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults
Sharpe, L., Dudeney, J., Williams, A. C. D. C., Nicholas, M., McPhee, I., Baillie, A., Welgampola, M., & McGuire, B. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012295.pub2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Morgan-Bathke, M., Baxter, S. D., Halliday, T. M., Lynch, A., Malik, N., Raynor, H. A., Garay, J. L., & Rozga, M. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2022.03.014 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hangaard, S., Laursen, S. H., Andersen, J. D., Kronborg, T., Vestergaard, P., Hejlesen, O., & Udsen, F. W. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968211064633 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Yang, J. Y., Peng, X., Xiao, K. Y., Xu, Q., & Wang, C. (2020) · Journal of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12839 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders
Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Staxen Bruun, L., Hróbjartsson, A., Gluud, C., Kongerslev, M. T., Simonsen, E., & Storebø, O. J. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000050.pub2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Evolution of the AASM Clinical Practice Guidelines: Another Step Forward
Morgenthaler, T. I., Deriy, L., Heald, J. L., & Thomas, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5412 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mohr, A. E., Hatem, C., Sikand, G., Rozga, M., Moloney, L., Sullivan, J., De Waal, D., & Handu, D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2022.06.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jin, H., Xu, X., Pang, B., Yang, R., Sun, H., Jiang, C., Shao, D., & Shi, J. (2021) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2020.0183 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Karagiannis, T., Advani, A., Davies, M. J., Del Prato, S., Dinneen, S. F., Kuss, O., Lorenzoni, V., Mathieu, C., Mauricio, D., Tankova, T., et al. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06370-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
(2021) · The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2021.1863738 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Silva, W., Virtanen, E., Kajantie, E., & Sebert, S. (2024) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.17105 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Placebo, usual care and wait-list interventions for all mental health disorders
Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Hróbjartsson, A., Gluud, C., Kongerslev, M. T., Simonsen, E., & Storebø, O. J. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000050 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Guyatt, G., Oxman, A. D., Sultan, S., Brozek, J., Glasziou, P., Alonso-Coello, P., Atkins, D., Kunz, R., Montori, V., Jaeschke, R., Rind, D., Dahm, P., Akl, E. A., Meerpohl, J., Vist, G., Berliner, E., Norris, S., Falck-Ytter, Y., & Schünemann, H. J.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten (NO)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre (ES)
- University Hospital of Basel (CH)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guyatt, Gordon
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-157
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2107021177
- Cited by
- 762
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 44.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-publications@bond (Bond University) (submittedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- GRADE, quality of evidence, critical outcomes, evidence-based guideline development, systematic reviews
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Competence, Epidemiologic Methods, Humans, Confidence Intervals, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, Guideline Adherence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
