Effect of Plant Protein on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Li, Siying S.; Blanco Mejia, Sonia; Lytvyn, Lyubov; Stewart, Sarah E.; Viguiliouk, Effie; Ha, Vanessa; de Souza, Russell J.; Leiter, Lawrence A.; Kendall, Cyril W. C.; Jenkins, David J. A.; Sievenpiper, John L.

doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006659

Cited by 139Nutritional Studies and DietLipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthAgriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact

Effect of Plant Protein on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Li, Siying S., Blanco Mejia, Sonia, Lytvyn, Lyubov, Stewart, Sarah E., Viguiliouk, Effie, Ha, Vanessa, de Souza, Russell J., Leiter, Lawrence A. +3 more·2017·Journal of the American Heart Association

DOI 10.1161/jaha.117.006659PMC PMC5779002

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Abstract

Background: There is a heightened interest in plant‐based diets for cardiovascular disease prevention. Although plant protein is thought to mediate such prevention through modifying blood lipids, the effect of plant protein in specific substitution for animal protein on blood lipids remains unclear. To assess the effect of this substitution on established lipid targets for cardiovascular risk reduction, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Methods and Results: MEDLINE , EMBASE , and the Cochrane Registry were searched through September 9, 2017. We included randomized controlled trials of ≥3 weeks comparing the effect of plant protein in substitution for animal protein on low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method and expressed as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I 2 statistic). The overall quality (certainty) of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. One‐hundred twelve randomized controlled trials met the eligibility criteria. Plant protein in substitution for animal protein decreased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol by 0.16 mmol/L (95% confidence interval, −0.20 to −0.12 mmol/L; P <0.00001; I 2 =55%; moderate‐quality evidence), non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol by 0.18 mmol/L (95% confidence interval, −0.22 to −0.14 mmol/L; P <0.00001; I 2 =52%; moderate‐quality evidence), and apolipoprotein B by 0.05 g/L (95% confidence interval, −0.06 to −0.03 g/L; P <0.00001; I 2 =30%; moderate‐quality evidence). Conclusions: Substitution of plant protein for animal protein decreases the established lipid targets low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. More high‐quality randomized trials are needed to improve our estimates. Clinical Trial Registration: URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 02037321.

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A larger body of evidence from randomized clinical trials suggests that vegetarian and other plant-based dietary patterns lower weight and improve lipid management, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and cardiometabolic health.
“A larger body of evidence from randomized clinical trials suggests that vegetarian and other plant-based dietary patterns lower weight29,30,31 and improve lipid management,30,32,33 glucose metabolism,33,34 blood pressure,35,36,37 and cardiometabolic health.38”
From Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 112 randomized clinical trials across adults with and without hyperlipidemia, plant protein consumption reduced markers of cardiovascular disease compared with animal protein, including lower LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B.
“In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 112 randomized clinical trials across adults with and without hyperlipidemia, the authors demonstrated reduced markers of cardiovascular disease in favor of plant protein over animal protein consumption [72].”
From Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function (2020) · cites this paper as [72]

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Soy Milk with a High Glycitein Content Does Not Reduce Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterolemia in Type II Hypercholesterolemic Patients
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The Lipid-Lowering Effects of 4 Weeks of Daily Soymilk or Dairy Milk Ingestion in a Postmenopausal Female Population
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Whole Soy Flour Incorporated into a Muffin and Consumed at 2 Doses of Soy Protein Does Not Lower LDL Cholesterol in a Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Hypercholesterolemic Adults
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A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Soy Isolate Protein on the Serum Lipid Profile and Other Potential Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Chinese Adults
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Intake patterns and dietary associations of soya protein consumption in adults and children in the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2
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Research works printed but not linked: 6

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Authors: Li, S. S., Blanco Mejia, S., Lytvyn, L., Stewart, S. E., Viguiliouk, E., Ha, V., de Souza, R. J., Leiter, L. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., & Sievenpiper, J. L.
Affiliations: St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Corresponding author: Sievenpiper, John L.
ORCID: Li, Siying S.
Lytvyn, Lyubov
Ha, Vanessa
Leiter, Lawrence A.
Kendall, Cyril W. C.
Jenkins, David J. A.
Sievenpiper, John L.
Venue: Journal of the American Heart Association
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2017-12-02
Volume: 6
Issue: 12
ISSN: 2047-9980 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006659
PMC: PMC5779002
OpenAlex: W2776826800
Cited by: 139
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 1.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Journal of the American Heart Association (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: PepsiCo
World Health Organization
General Mills
Coca-Cola Foundation
Danone
Almond Board of California
Advanced Foods and Materials Network
McMaster University
Saskatchewan Pulse Growers
Diabetes Canada
Canadian Nutrition Society
Canola Council of Canada
Loblaw Companies Limited
Danish Cancer Society Research Center
Peanut Institute
Government of Canada
Canadian Foundation for Dietetic Research
European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
European Association for the Study of Diabetes
International Nut and Dried Fruit Council
Health Canada
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (129920)
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (129920)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Keywords: plant proteins, serum lipids, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, cardiovascular disease prevention, plant-based diet, dietary intervention, cardiovascular risk reduction, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, homocysteine
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Lipids, Plant Proteins, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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Effect of Plant Protein on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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