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Recent progress of micro/nanomotors to overcome physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract
Abstract
Oral administration is a convenient administration route for gastrointestinal disease therapy with good patient compliance. But the nonspecific distribution of the oral drugs may cause serious side effects. In recent years, oral drug delivery systems (ODDS) have been applied to deliver the drugs to the gastrointestinal disease sites with decreased side effects. However, the delivery efficiency of ODDS is tremendously limited by physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal sites, such as the long and complex gastrointestinal tract, mucus layer, and epithelial barrier. Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoscale devices that transfer various energy sources into autonomous motion. The outstanding motion characteristics of MNMs inspired the development of targeted drug delivery, especially the oral drug delivery. However, a comprehensive review of oral MNMs for the gastrointestinal diseases therapy is still lacking. Herein, the physiological barriers of ODDS were comprehensively reviewed. Afterward, the applications of MNMs in ODDS for overcoming the physiological barriers in the past 5 years were highlighted. Finally, future perspectives and challenges of MNMs in ODDS are discussed as well. This review will provide inspiration and direction of MNMs for the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases, pushing forward the clinical application of MNMs in oral drug delivery.
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“In this environment, exosomes must be able to withstand harsh conditions such as gastric acid and pancreatic enzymes to avoid degradation before reaching the tumor target [150].”
From Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [150]
In the citing paper
“The first unique challenge faced by digestive system tumors is the physiological barrier of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the presence of gastric acid, digestive enzymes, and the intestinal barrier.”
From Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [150]
In the citing paper
“These factors not only affect the stability of exosomes but also limit their bioavailability in the gut.”
From Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [150]
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Schubert, M. L. (2017) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0000000000000392 · Cited by 99
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges
Li, J., Wang, J., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-024-02215-4 · Cited by 297
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, S., Zhu, C., Huang, W., Liu, H., Yang, M., Zeng, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Shi, J., Hu, Y., Shi, X., & Wang, Z.-H.
- Venue
- Journal of Controlled Release
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-08
- Volume
- 360
- Pages
- 514-527
- ISSN
- 0168-3659
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 3
- Language
- en
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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