Artificial intelligence and machine learning: Definition of terms and current concepts in critical care research
Abstract
With increasing computing power, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have prospered, which facilitate the analysis of large datasets, especially those found in critical care. It is important to define these terminologies, to inform a standardized approach to critical care research. This manuscript hopes to clarify these terms with examples from medical literature. Three major components that are required for a successful ML implementation: (i) reliable dataset, (ii) ML algorithm, and (iii) unbiased model evaluation, are discussed. A reliable dataset can be structured or unstructured with limited noise, outliers, and missing values. ML, a subset of AI, is typically focused on supervised or unsupervised learning tasks in which the output is based on inputs and derived from iterative pattern recognition algorithms, while AI is the overall ability of a machine to "think" or mimic human behavior; and to analyze data free from human influence. Even with successful implementation, advanced AI and ML algorithms have faced challenges in adoption into practice, mainly due to their lack of interpretability, which hinders trust, buy-in, and engagement from clinicians. Consequently, traditional algorithms, such as linear and logistic regression, that may have reduced predictive power but are highly interpretable, continue to be widely used.
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AI has the potential to revolutionize critical care by automating tasks, providing real-time data analysis, and supporting clinical decision-making.
“Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize critical care by automating tasks, providing real-time data analysis, and supporting clinical decision-making [1].”
From Leading with AI in critical care nursing: challenges, opportunities, and the human factor (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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Wu, T., Wei, Y., Wu, J.-B., Yi, B., & Li, H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28421-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Estimating customer churn under competing risks
Routh, P., Roy, A., & Meyer, J. (2020) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.1080/01605682.2020.1776166 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationLooy, S. V., Verplancke, T., Benoît, D., Hoste, E. A. J., Maele, G. V., Turck, F. D., & Decruyenaere, J. M. A. (2007) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc6081 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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A Lean Design Thinking Methodology (LDTM) for Machine Learning and Modern Data Projects
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Random Survival Forests for Predicting the Bed Occupancy in the Intensive Care Unit
Ruyssinck, J., van der Herten, J., Houthooft, R., Ongenae, F., Couckuyt, I., Gadeyne, B., Colpaert, K. E., Decruyenaere, J. M. A., Turck, F. D., & Dhaene, T. (2016) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/7087053 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Robust optimization with time-dependent uncertainty in radiation therapy
Nohadani, O., & Roy, A. (2017) · IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering · doi:10.1080/24725579.2017.1296907 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationDVH Analytics: A DVH database for clinicians and researchers
Cutright, D., Gopalakrishnan, M., Roy, A., Panchal, A., & Mittal, B. B. (2018) · Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/acm2.12401 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationExploration of critical care data by using unsupervised machine learning
Hyun, S., Kaewprag, P., Cooper, C., Hixon, B., & Moffatt, S. D. (2020) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105507 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bellini, V., Montomoli, J., & Bignami, E. G. (2021) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06473-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tree-based localized fuzzy twin support vector clustering with square loss function
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Prediction of Mortality in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients Using Machine Learning Algorithms
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Predictive classification of ICU readmission using weight decay random forest
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ECMO during the COVID-19 pandemic: When is it justified?
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Ebadi, N., Li, R., Das, A., Roy, A., Papanikolaou, N., & Najafirad, P. (2023) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2023.102800 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationA Risk-Adjusted Control Chart to Evaluate Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Plan Quality
Roy, A., Cutright, D., Gopalakrishnan, M., Yeh, A. B., & Mittal, B. B. (2019) · Advances in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.adro.2019.11.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationExplainable machine learning prediction of ICU mortality
Chia, A. H. T., Khoo, M. S., Lim, A. Z., Ong, K. E., Sun, Y., Nguyen, B. P., Chua, M. C. H., & Pang, J. (2021) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2021.100674 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Survival in the Intensive Care Unit: A prognosis model based on Bayesian classifiers
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Pattharanitima, P., Thongprayoon, C., Kaewput, W., Qureshi, F., Qureshi, F. M., Petnak, T., Srivali, N., Gembillo, G., O’Corragain, O. A., Chesdachai, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10215021 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Building ICU artifact detection models with more data in less time.
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Digital Transformation Technology
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Managing tumor changes during radiotherapy using a deep learning model
Li, R., Roy, A., Bice, N., Kirby, N., Fakhreddine, M., & Papanikolaou, N. (2021) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.14925 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSivabhaskar, S., Li, R., Roy, A., Kirby, N., Fakhreddine, M., & Papanikolaou, N. (2022) · Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/acm2.13667 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationDiversity in the Expressed Genomic Host Response to Myocardial Infarction
Toma, A., dos Santos, C. C., Burzyńska, B., Góra, M., Kiliszek, M., Stickle, N. H., Kirsten, H., Kosyakovsky, L. B., Wang, B., van Diepen, S., et al. (2022) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.318391 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Real Time SVM for Health Monitoring System
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Statistics and machine learning methods for EHR data – from data extraction to data analytics
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Sepsis Prediction Model in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Using Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Rayan, Z., Alfonse, M., & Salem, A.-B. M. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2275-5_35 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 142 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
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Leading with AI in critical care nursing: challenges, opportunities, and the human factor
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- Authors
- Sun, K., Roy, A., & Tobin, J. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roy, Arkajyoti
- Venue
- Journal of Critical Care
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-08
- Volume
- 82
- Pages
- 154792
- ISSN
- 0883-9441 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4393305526
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Critical Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, machine learning, critical care research, terminology definitions, dataset reliability, model evaluation, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, model interpretability, clinical adoption of AI, linear regression, logistic regression
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Critical Care, Humans, Terminology as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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