Cited by 110Liver Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentAdvanced Glycation End Products researchLiver physiology and pathology

Endogenous formation of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine is increased in fatty livers and induces inflammatory markers in an in vitro model of hepatic steatosis

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Gaens, Katrien H.J., Niessen, Petra M.G., Rensen, Sander S., Buurman, Wim A., Greve, Jan Willem M., Driessen, Ann, Wolfs, Marcel G.M., Hofker, Marten H. +4 more·2012·Journal of Hepatology

Abstract

Background & aims Increased lipid peroxidation and inflammation are major factors in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A lipoxidation product that could play a role in the induction of hepatic inflammation is N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between steatosis and CML and to study the role of CML in hepatic inflammation.Methods We included 74 obese individuals, which were categorized into 3 groups according to the grade of hepatic steatosis. CML accumulation in liver biopsies was assessed by immunohistochemistry and plasma CML levels were measured by mass spectrometry. Plasma CML levels were also determined in the hepatic artery, portal, and hepatic vein of 22 individuals, and CML fluxes across the liver were calculated. Hepatocyte cell lines were used to study CML formation during intracellular lipid accumulation and the effect of CML on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Gene expression levels of the inflammatory markers were determined in liver biopsies of the obese individuals.Results CML accumulation was significantly associated with the grade of hepatic steatosis, the grade of hepatic inflammation, and gene expression levels of inflammatory markers PAI-1, IL-8, and CRP. Analysis of CML fluxes showed no release/uptake of CML by the liver. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, induced by incubation with fatty acids, was associated with increased CML formation and expression of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), PAI-1, IL-8, IL-6, and CRP. Pyridoxamine and aminoguanidine inhibited the endogenous CML formation and the increased RAGE, PAI-1, IL-8, IL-6, and CRP expression. Incubation of hepatocytes with CML-albumin increased the expression of RAGE, PAI-1, and IL-6, which was inhibited by an antibody against RAGE.Conclusions Accumulation of CML and a CML-upregulated RAGE-dependent inflammatory response in steatotic livers may play an important role in hepatic steatosis and in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.07.028

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  1. Kotronen A, Yki-Jarvinen H. Fatty liver: a novel component of the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:27-38.

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Authors
Gaens, K. H. J., Niessen, P. M. G., Rensen, S. S., Buurman, W. A., Greve, J. W. M., Driessen, A., Wolfs, M. G. M., Hofker, M. H., Bloemen, J. G., Dejong, C. H., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Schalkwijk, C. G.
Affiliations
  • Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
  • University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author
Schalkwijk, Casper G.
Venue
Journal of Hepatology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-03
Volume
56
Issue
3
Pages
647-655
ISSN
0168-8278 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1964714465
Cited by
109
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
FWCI
2.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Hepatology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Universiteit Maastricht
  • Nierstichting (01C-104)
  • Diabetes Fonds (01C-104)
  • Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum
  • Center for Translational Molecular Medicine (01 C-104)
  • Transnationale Universiteit Limburg
  • SenterNovem
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
Keywords
carboxymethyllysine, advanced glycation end products, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation, receptor for advanced glycation end products, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory cytokines, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, interleukin-8, C-reactive protein, pyridoxamine, aminoguanidine, hepatocyte lipid accumulation, obesity
MeSH terms
Aged, Biopsy, Enzyme Inhibitors, Fatty Liver, Female, Guanidines, Humans, Liver, Lysine, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Pyridoxamine, Vitamin B Complex, Biomarkers, Gene Expression, Cytokines, Hepatocytes, Hep G2 Cells, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, In Vitro Techniques

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