Potential application of waste fruit peels (orange, yellow lemon and banana) as wide range natural antimicrobial agent
Open accessAbstract
The antimicrobial potential of three abundantly available fruits peel waste, (orange, yellow lemon and banana) was evaluated on wide range of microorganisms. Three solvents methanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water were used for extraction. The resultant extracts were used to test a six gram positive and six gram negative pathogenic bacteria in addition to two microscopic filamentous fungi (MFF) and two yeast species. Presence of trace metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and GC-MS Analysis was carried out to find out the total phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the well-bore method, reflected by the diameter of the zones of growth inhibition. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined to confirm the antimicrobial potential of extracts and get quantitative results. Results shows that among the used solvents the extracts exhibited better performance in the order of Distilled water > Methanol > Ethanol > Ethyl acetate which reflects the suitability of solvent for fruit peel extraction. Effectiveness of fruit peel extracts was evaluated and found Yellow lemon > Orange > Banana peel. It was found that gram negative bacteria are more sensitive to the extracts and among them Klebsiella pneumoniae show the highest sensitivity against extract of yellow lemon peel and show the highest zone of inhibition (28 ± 1.4 mm to 3.5 ± 1.3 mm). Similarly, the MIC value was found to be 130 µg/mL which is the least value among other tested microorganisms. This may be attributed to the presence of high concentrations of zinc, magnesium and total phenolic content in the extract of yellow lemon peel. As multidrug resistant strains of microorganisms are emerging and treatment of their infection is becoming difficult with time, infectious diseases are a global cause of increase in death rate. Present study confirms the potential of studied fruit peel waste to be used for therapeutic purpose to combat the multidrug resistant microorganism infection. This will also result in reduction of waste material, reusing it for beneficial purpose in an economical and environmental friendly manner.
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Antioxidant capacity of banana peel depends on different solvents and is measured by several antioxidant assays.
“Antioxidant capacity depends on different solvents such as acetone, acetyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and n-hexane by several antioxidant potential determining assays including diphenyle-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity, 2,2'-azinobis”
From Functional, nutritional and medicinal potential of banana peel (2023) · cites this paper as [92]
The Methods (section 2.2) describe extracting banana peel with four solvents, and Results and discussion (Table 5) report solvent-dependent phenolic content. Our copy does not report banana-peel antioxidant capacity or measurements using DPPH, FRAP, or other antioxidant assays; it evaluates antimicrobial activity instead. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“[35]”
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“A little quantity of lemon peel has been used in the fragrance, food and pharmaceutical industry (El-ghfar et al., 2016; Saleem and Saeed, 2020).”
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“Regarding the use of citrus, Saleem [21] studied the antimicrobial properties of extracts obtained from waste fruit peels of orange and yellow lemon.”
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“Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus limonia (yellow lemon) and Musa acuminate (banana) peels showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against a panel of microorganisms (Saleem and Saeed, 2020).”
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“The GC/MS analysis adopted the technique of Sani et al. (2020). By using the GC/MS of Agilent-Technologies 7890A entailing gas chromatography (GC) system equipped with an Agilent-Technologies 5975 mass selective (MS) detector (Agilent Technologies, USA), 1 μL of the derivatised extract was injected into the GC system.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn Analysis of the Extraction Technologies: Fruit Peel Waste
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Iraqi Lemon Peel Extract (Citrus limon) as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Agent
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“Other studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial effects of lemon peels [22, 23].”
Result
- Authors
- Saleem, M., & Saeed, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Jubail University College (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Saleem, Muhammed
- Venue
- Journal of King Saud University - Science
- Publisher
- Scientific Scholar
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 805-810
- ISSN
- 1018-3647 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2915677193
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 12.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of King Saud University - Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Jubail University College
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Keywords
- fruit peel waste, orange peel, lemon peel, banana peel, natural antimicrobials, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, solvent extraction, total phenolic compounds, trace metals, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multidrug resistance, minimum inhibitory concentration, food waste valorization
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