The direction of the acceleration and rotational forces associated with mild traumatic brain injury in rodents effect behavioural and molecular outcomes
Abstract
Background The translation of research to clinical application is only as good as the modelling platforms employed. This study sought to improve understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), by examining the importance of acceleration and rotational force directions on behavioural and molecular outcomes. It is believed that many symptoms associated with concussive forms of mTBI are related to white matter and fibre tract damage. Given that rodents have significantly less white matter, could changes in acceleration/rotational force directionality alter outcomes?New method/comparison with existing methods Comparison of mTBIs with two distinct injury platforms, the lateral impact (LI) device, which produces horizontal acceleration/rotation; or the modified weight drop (WD) device, which produces sagittal or vertical acceleration/rotation. Male and female rats underwent a behavioural test battery followed by analysis of 5 TBI-associated biomarkers (BDNF, Eno2, GFAP, MAPT, TERT) from the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.Results Acute behavioural impairments were similar for both injury models; animals exhibited increased time-to-wake, and deficits of balance and motor control. However, as the post-injury interval increased LI animals displayed deficits on tasks related to emotional functioning, whereas WD animals showed impairment in cognitive measures. Biomarker expression varied as a function of injury platform, sex, and brain region.Conclusion Just as with humans, the direction of the acceleration and rotational forces produced injuries in different networks and connections, resulting in altered functional deficits for rodents as well. These findings suggest that rodents are a valuable resource for the study of mTBI, when appropriately modelled.
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Gene expression in males and females varied based on the direction of acceleration and rotational forces and number of head impacts.
“Gene expression in males and females also varied based on the direction of acceleration and rotational forces and number of head impacts. 44,45”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
Differences in gene expression following mild TBI in male and female rats were not associated with deficits in motor function.
“Differences in gene expression following mild TBI in male and female rats were not associated with deficits in motor function. 44”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
Sex-dependent changes in mRNA expression of growth factors and inflammatory markers were different between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus.
“Sex-dependent changes in messenger ribonuleic acid (mRNA) expression of growth factors and inflammatory markers were different between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. 44”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Candy, S., Ma, I., & Esser, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mychasiuk, Richelle
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 257
- Pages
- 168-178
- ISSN
- 0165-0270 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1789349355
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- mild traumatic brain injury, weight-drop injury model, white matter injury, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, MAPT, telomerase reverse transcriptase, sex differences, behavioural deficits, emotional dysfunction, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Animals, Brain Injuries, Disease Models, Animal, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Hippocampus, Male, Motor Activity, Physical Stimulation, Random Allocation, Rotation, Sex Characteristics, Biomarkers, tau Proteins, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex, Maze Learning, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
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