Maturation of White Matter is Associated with the Development of Cognitive Functions during Childhood
Abstract
In the human brain, myelination of axons continues until early adulthood and is thought to be important for the development of cognitive functions during childhood. We used diffusion tensor MR imaging and calculated fractional anisotropy, an indicator of myelination and axonal thickness, in children aged between 8 and 18 years. Development of working memory capacity was positively correlated with fractional anisotropy in two regions in the left frontal lobe, including a region between the superior frontal and parietal cortices. Reading ability, on the other hand, was only correlated with fractional anisotropy in the left temporal lobe, in the same white matter region where adults with reading disability are known to have lower fractional anisotropy. Both the temporal and the frontal regions were also correlated with age. These results show that maturation of white matter is an important part of brain maturation during childhood, and that maturation of relatively restricted regions of white matter is correlated with development of specific cognitive functions.
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There is a positive correlation between maturation of prefrontal-parietal fiber tracts and working memory in children.
“Nagy and colleagues showed a positive correlation between maturation of prefrontal–parietal fiber tracts and working memory in children (Nagy et al. 2004), which is consistent with functional neuroimaging studies showing differential recruitment of these regions in children relative to adults.”
From <i>The Adolescent Brain</i> (2008) · cites this paper as Nagy et al. 2004
Development and maturation of the white matter correlates with increased motor skills and cognitive functions.
“Notably, human studies have shown that development and maturation of the white matter correlates with increased motor skills and cognitive functions (Casey et al., 2000; Gibson, 1991; Nagy et al., 2004; Paus et al., 1999; Schmithorst et al., 2005).”
From Down Syndrome Developmental Brain Transcriptome Reveals Defective Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination (2016) · cites this paper as Nagy et al., 2004
DTI studies have demonstrated increasing connectivity among higher-order association areas from childhood to adolescence, with functional consequences.
“Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have demonstrated increasing connectivity among higher order association areas from childhood to adolescence that have functional consequences.”
From Developmental Changes in Organization of Structural Brain Networks (2013) · cites this paper as Nagy et al. 2004
Increasing prefrontal-parietal connectivity correlates positively with working memory capacity.
“increasing prefrontal-parietal connectivity was shown to correlate positively with working memory capacity (Nagy et al. 2004)”
From Developmental Changes in Organization of Structural Brain Networks (2013) · cites this paper as Nagy et al. 2004
A study of children and adolescents provides limited evidence that fractional anisotropy variability in left fronto-parietal white matter relates to differences in spatial working memory skills.
“limited evidence available from a study of children and adolescents suggests that FA variability in fronto-parietal white matter regions of the left hemisphere is associated with variability among children in their SWM skills.”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al., 2004
In Nagy et al. (2004), children with better spatial working memory had higher fractional anisotropy in a left inferior frontal region and a left fronto-parietal region.
“The investigators found that better SWM performance was correlated with increased FA values in, among other regions, a left inferior frontal cluster and a left fronto-parietal cluster”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al., 2004
In Nagy et al. (2004), age adjustment left only the left inferior frontal region as a significant predictor of spatial working memory.
“however, after adjusting for age, only the left inferior frontal cluster remained significant.”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al., 2004
The relationship between age-related white matter microstructural changes and concurrent cognitive development in children remains poorly understood.
“The relationship between age-related changes in the microstructural properties of white matter and the concurrent development of cognitive functions in children is still poorly understood, although a few studies suggest associations between FA values in white matter and per-formance on cognitive tasks (Madsen et al., 2010;Niogi & McCandliss, 2006;Nagy, Westerberg, & Klingberg, 2004).”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al., 2004
In Nagy et al. (2004), some associations between fractional anisotropy and spatial working memory performance were substantially reduced when age was controlled.
“Indeed, in the study by Nagy et al. (2004), some of the associations between FA and SWM performance were substantially reduced when age was controlled.”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al., 2004
Spatial working memory performance was correlated with fractional anisotropy in the genu of the corpus callosum after controlling for age, as observed in the effect-size map.
“We note that Nagy et al. (2004) also found a significant correlation between SWM performance and FA in the genu of the corpus callosum after controlling for age, a finding we also observed in the effect-size map (Figure 3).”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al. (2004)
Associations were observed between spatial working memory performance and diffusion tensor imaging parameters in left rather than right hemisphere tracts in both the present study and the study by Nagy et al. (2004).
“In the present study as well as in the study by Nagy et al. (2004), associations were observed between SWM performance and DTI parameters in left rather than right hemisphere tracts.”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al. (2004)
The present findings of an association between spatial working memory performance and white matter structure in developing children extend initial findings from a previous diffusion tensor imaging study of a much smaller group of children.
“Our findings of an association of SWM performance with white matter structure in developing children extend initial findings from a previous DTI study of a much smaller group of children (Nagy et al., 2004).”
From White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children (2011) · cites this paper as Nagy et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Nagy, Z., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institute, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- ORCID
- Klingberg, Torkel
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2004-09-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1227-1233
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2110742166
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 17.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- white matter maturation, myelination, fractional anisotropy, cognitive development, working memory, reading skills, reading disorders, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, brain maturation, childhood
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aging, Axons, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Cognition, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Parietal Lobe, Reference Values, Temporal Lobe, Cluster Analysis, Anisotropy, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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