Response Inhibition in Youth Undergoing Intensive Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Response Inhibition (RI) is the ability to suppress behaviors that are inappropriate for a given context. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with impaired RI in adults as measured by the Stop Signal Task (SST). Conflicting results have been found in terms of the relationship between OCD severity and SST performance, and no studies to date have examined the relationship between SST and response to OCD treatment. Also relatively unknown is whether RI performance in OCD is associated with developmental or gender differences. This naturalistic study examined the relationship between SST performance, OCD severity, and OCD treatment response in a pediatric sample undergoing intensive treatment involving exposure and response prevention and medication management (n = 36). The SST and Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CYBOCS) were administered at admission and program discharge. OCD severity was not significantly related to stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in the whole sample and among subgroups divided by age and gender. Baseline SSRT and SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change across treatment in the whole sample, but exploratory analyses indicated both were significant predictors among female adolescents. Results suggest there may be developmental gender differences in the relationship between RI and clinical improvement in pediatric OCD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
12 of 35 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The ability to inhibit compulsions during exposure to anxiogenic cues is required for extinction learning to occur.
“The ability to inhibit compulsions during exposure to anxiogenic cues is required for extinction learning to occur (Benito et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Benito et al., 2018 source
The Introduction, under “Fear Reduction vs. Habituation Metrics” (page unavailable), identifies rituals as actions generally thought to interfere with learning and therefore proscribed during exposure. That supports discouraging compulsions during exposure, but not the stronger claim that inhibiting them is required for extinction learning to occur. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Research in children has failed to find SST performance differences when comparing youth with OCD to typically developing controls and children with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety disorders.
“Research in children has failed to find SST performance differences when comparing youth with OCD to typically developing controls (Gooskens et al., 2019; Hybel et al., 2017; Rubia et al., 2010) and children with autism spectrum disorder (Gooskens et al., 2019) and anxiety disorders (Hybel et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Findingcitation
The sample's mean CYBOCS score is similar to those reported in the outpatient Pediatric OCD Treatment Studies (POTS I and POTS II).
“Although our sample’s CYBOCS mean is similar to those in the outpatient Pediatric OCD Treatment Studies (POTS I: CYBOCS mean = 24.6, SD = 4.1, (Pediatric OCD Treatment Study Team, 2004); POTS II: CYBOCS mean = 26.3, SD = 5.0, (Franklin et al., 2011))”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Pediatric OCD Treatment Study Team, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Franklin et al., 2011 source
The title identifies the paper as POTS II, and the Abstract’s Participants section describes outpatients assessed with the CY-BOCS. The Results’ Sample Characteristics section refers to baseline characteristics in Table 1, but the available passages do not give the cited CY-BOCS mean of 26.3 or SD of 5.0, so those figures cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Hormones can influence the function of response inhibition circuits.
“There is evidence that hormones can influence the function of RI circuits (Amin et al., 2006; Roberts et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Among females, performance on various indices of response inhibition differs depending on hormonal status.
“Among females, performance differences on various indices of RI have been shown depending on hormonal status (Amin et al., 2006; Bannbers et al., 2012, 2013; Mansouri et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Amin et al., 2006 source
- cites Bannbers et al., 2012, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mansouri et al., 2016 source
The Results report changes in female participants’ stop-signal performance after practice, and the Background mentions hormone exposure only as a possible explanation for cognitive sex differences. Our copy does not report response-inhibition performance by hormonal status (searched: hormonal status, hormones, menstrual cycle, contraceptives). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
In the whole sample, OCD severity was not significantly related to SSRT.
“OCD severity was not significantly related to stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in the whole sample and among subgroups divided by age and gender.”
- Also stated in: § Primary Aims · plain
“There was not a significant correlation between SSRT and global OCD severity (CYBOCS total score) at baseline (r = −.175, p = .308).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Also stated in: § Primary Aims · plain
- Findingown data
A medium-sized, non-significant effect suggested greater improvement in compulsions among participants with better baseline SSRT.
“For example, we observed a medium-sized effect suggesting greater improvement in compulsions among those with better baseline SSRT; this non-significant relationship might have reached significance in a larger sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change across treatment in the whole sample.
“Baseline SSRT and SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change across treatment in the whole sample”
- Also stated in: § Primary Aims · plain
“SSRT change did not predict a significant amount of the variance in total CYBOCS change F(1, 35) = .38, p = .54, R2 = −.01”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Also stated in: § Primary Aims · plain
- Findingown data
Age was unrelated to OCD severity at baseline.
“Age was unrelated to OCD severity at baseline (r = −.06, p = .74).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In female adolescents, faster baseline SSRT is associated with more CYBOCS change.
“Plotted data (Figure 1) suggest that, in female adolescents, faster baseline SSRT (i.e., better response inhibition) is associated with more CYBOCS change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In children, SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change.
“or in children F(1, 18) = .07, p = .80, R2 = .00.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
SSRT changed significantly between admission and discharge.
“SSRT changed significantly between admission and discharge, F(1, 34) = 5.62, p = .02, partial η2 = .14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change.
“SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change in adolescents, F(1, 16) = 2.16, p = .16, R2 = −.13”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
No significant relationship was observed between age and baseline SSRT.
“We did not observe a significant relationship between age and baseline SSRT, although this may relate to the relatively small sample used in this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In female children, no relationship between SSRT change and CYBOCS change.
“There was also no relationship between SSRT change and CYBOCS change in female children, F(1, 11) = 1.91, p = .23, R2 = −.28.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In females, SSRT change significantly predicted CYBOCS change.
“Similarly, in females, SSRT change significantly predicted CYBOCS change, F(1, 17) = 10.82, p = .01, R2 = −.40.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
Baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change across treatment in the whole sample.
“Baseline SSRT and SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change across treatment in the whole sample”
- Also stated in: § Primary Aims · plain
“SSRT at admission did not predict a significant amount of the variance in total CYBOCS change, F(1, 35) = .82, p = .37, R2 = −.02.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Also stated in: § Primary Aims · plain
- Findingown data
The relationship between SST performance and compulsion severity reported in more recent adult research was not observed in this sample.
“More recent adult research suggests that SST performance may be more specifically related to compulsion severity (Berlin & Lee, 2018), but we did not observe this relationship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Berlin & Lee, 2018 source
- Findingown data
SSRT was not significantly related to any comorbidities (ps > .05).
“Moreover, SSRT was not significantly related to any comorbidities (ps > .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change.
“Simple linear regressions showed that in adolescents, baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change F(1, 16) = 3.81, p = .07, R2 = −.20.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In male adolescents, change in SSRT did not predict change in CYBOCS.
“In male adolescents, change in SSRT did not predict change in CYBOCS, F (1, 5) = .08, p = .79, R2 = .02”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In males, baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change.
“This was not the case in males, F(1, 17) = .14, p = .72, R2 = .01.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
A large non-significant effect suggested that better baseline response inhibition could relate to less symptom improvement for male adolescents.
“we found that better RI at baseline relates to greater symptom improvement for female adolescents but observed a large non-significant effect suggesting that it could relate to less symptom improvement for male adolescents”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In female children, baseline SSRT did not predict significant variance of CYBOCS change.
“In female children (n = 7), baseline SSRT did not predict a significant amount of the variance of CYBOCS change, F (1, 6) = 3.48, p = .12, R2 = −.41.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
When the sample was subgrouped by gender, both baseline SSRT and SSRT change significantly predicted CYBOCS change in females only.
“However, when the sample was subgrouped based on gender, we found that baseline SSRT and SSRT change both significantly predicted CYBOCS change in females only.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“SST-measured RI was predictive of treatment outcome among female adolescents, indicating that there may be developmental sex differences among youth with OCD that contribute to different “paths to wellness.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
- Findingown data
Initiation of stimulant medication did not significantly contribute to SSRT change.
“Although we did not find stimulant medication initiation to significantly contribute to SSRT change”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
CYBOCS scores significantly improved from pre- to post-treatment.
“CYBOCS scores significantly improved from pre- (mean = 27.67, SD = 4.45) to post-treatment (mean = 17.44, SD = 5.06; t = 12.06, p < .000, g = 2.10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In female adolescents, baseline SSRT significantly predicted CYBOCS change.
“exploratory analyses indicated both were significant predictors among female adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Exploratory Analyses · plain
“In female adolescents (n = 11), baseline SSRT predicted a significant amount of the variance of CYBOCS change, F(1, 10) = 15.96, p = .003, R2 = −.64.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Also stated in: § Exploratory Analyses · plain
- Findingown data
In female adolescents, larger SSRT change is associated with less CYBOCS change.
“Plotted data (Figure 2) suggest that, in female adolescents, larger SSRT change (i.e., toward better response inhibition) is associated with less CYBOCS change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
Age was not significantly correlated with baseline SSRT.
“Age was not significantly correlated with baseline SSRT (r = −.18, p = .28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In male adolescents, baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change.
“In male adolescents, baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change, F (1, 5) = .84, p = .41, R2 = .17”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In subgroups divided by age and gender, OCD severity was not significantly related to SSRT.
“OCD severity was not significantly related to stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in the whole sample and among subgroups divided by age and gender.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In children, baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change.
“This was also the case in children F(1, 18) = .02, p = .89, R2 = .00.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
There was not a significant interaction effect of stimulant initiation on SSRT change.
“but there was not a significant interaction effect of stimulant initiation on SSRT change, F(1, 34) = 2.03, p = .16, partial η2 = .06.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In male children, change in SSRT did not predict change in CYBOCS.
“this was the same for male children, F (1, 11) = .00, p = .99, R2 = .00.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingreasoning
Better response inhibition at baseline was associated with greater improvement in OCD symptoms across treatment.
“The direction of these relationships suggests that better RI at baseline was associated with greater improvement in OCD symptoms across treatment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In male children, baseline SSRT did not predict CYBOCS change.
“this was the same for male children, F (1, 11) = .04, p = .85, R2 = .00.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
In males, SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change.
“This relationship was not present in males, F(1, 17) = .09, p = .76, R2 = .01.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Findingown data
Females who showed greater improvement in response inhibition across treatment exhibited less symptom improvement over that period.
“Interestingly, females who experienced greater improvement in RI across treatment exhibited less symptom improvement during that time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In female adolescents, SSRT change significantly predicted CYBOCS change.
“exploratory analyses indicated both were significant predictors among female adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Exploratory Analyses · plain
“Also in female adolescents, SSRT change predicted a significant amount of the variance in CYBOCS change, F (1, 10) = 15.07, p = .00, R2 = .−63 (Figure 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Also stated in: § Exploratory Analyses · plain
- Findingown data
In females (whole female group), baseline SSRT significantly predicted CYBOCS change.
“Simple linear regressions showed that in females, baseline SSRT significantly predicted CYBOCS change F(1, 17) = 18.12, p = .00, R2 = −.53.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
- Premisecitation
OCD is associated with impaired response inhibition in adults as measured by the Stop Signal Task.
“Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with impaired RI in adults as measured by the Stop Signal Task (SST).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
There may be gender-related differences in the relationship between response inhibition and clinical improvement among individuals with OCD, particularly at certain developmental windows.
“Our findings suggest that there may be gender-related differences in the relationship between RI and clinical improvement among those with OCD, especially at certain developmental windows.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate proxy for pubertal and hormonal status when classifying participants as children or adolescents.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The study did not include a control group of youth unaffected by OCD.
“First, a control group of youth not affected by OCD was not included, reflecting our primary interest in investigating relationships between RI and OCD treatment outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The direction of the observed relationships is consistent with the theorized mechanism of exposure and response prevention, in which recruiting response inhibition helps inhibit rituals during exposure.
“which is consistent with the theorized mechanism of ERP (i.e., that recruitment of RI is helpful for inhibiting rituals during exposure)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The mechanism theorized for exposure and response prevention is that recruiting response inhibition helps inhibit rituals during exposure.
- Interpretationown data
The findings in females seem to be driven by female adolescents specifically.
“The above findings in females seem to be driven by female adolescents specifically.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The results cannot be assumed to generalize to youth receiving treatment in settings other than intensive care.
“we cannot assume that results generalize to youth in other treatment settings”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Intensive levels of care tend to serve patients with more severe, complex, or refractory OCD who are not medication naive.
- Interpretationreasoning
The inability to inhibit compulsions or other avoidance behaviors is likely to negatively impact ERP outcome.
“Thus, the inability to inhibit compulsions or other avoidance behaviors is likely to negatively impact ERP outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There are known developmental gender differences in the neural circuitry underlying RI.
“Importantly, there are also known developmental gender differences in the neural circuitry underlying RI (Rubia et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rubia et al., 2013 source
- Interpretationown data
There may be developmental sex differences among youth with OCD that contribute to different paths to wellness.
“indicating that there may be developmental sex differences among youth with OCD that contribute to different “paths to wellness.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate proxy for pubertal and hormonal status when classifying participants as children or adolescents.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The study could not examine whether the circumstances surrounding length of stay affected possible change in response inhibition.
“We were also unable to examine whether circumstances surrounding length of stay impacted possible change in RI (e.g., whether the patient discharged because of improvement, discontinuation of insurance coverage, or left against medical advice).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The study design prevented collection of rigorous data on changes in medication type and dose over the course of care.
“The nature of our study precluded us from gathering rigorous data about changes in medication type and dose throughout the course of care, making it difficult to explore medication effects more specifically.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Results suggest there may be developmental gender differences in the relationship between RI and clinical improvement in pediatric OCD.
“Results suggest there may be developmental gender differences in the relationship between RI and clinical improvement in pediatric OCD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
- May combine two claims. 22
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationERP is the gold-standard psychotherapy for pediatric OCD.
“RI may be particularly relevant to OCD treatment involving exposure and response prevention (ERP), the gold-standard psychotherapy for pediatric OCD (Freeman et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Freeman et al., 2014 source
The Theoretical Foundation section describes ERP as a critical component of CBT for pediatric OCD, and the Evaluative Conclusions identify CBT as an appropriate first-line treatment. The paper does not designate ERP alone as the gold-standard psychotherapy; it also notes that no pediatric OCD treatment had yet been classified as well established. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe sample's baseline SSRT (mean 253, SD 56) is comparable to healthy-control means reported in some studies but higher than those reported in others.
“Our sample’s SSRT performance at baseline (m = 253, SD = 56) is comparable to means reported for healthy controls in some studies (e.g., m = 258, SD =53; van Rooij et al., 2015) but higher than others (e.g., m = 209, SD = 90; Brennan et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites van Rooij et al., 2015 source
The Results, under “Task outcome measures” (page not available), report a healthy-control mean SSRT of 255 ms, which is comparable to the citing sample’s 253 ms. They do not report the attributed mean of 258 ms or SD of 53. The comparison with Brennan et al. is outside this citation’s scope. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Brennan et al., 2016 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSeveral adult SST studies found no gender difference in inhibitory performance, but gender differences may emerge when development is considered.
“While several adult SST studies found no gender difference in inhibitory performance (Evans & Hampson, 2015; Li et al., 2006, 2009), gender differences may emerge when development is considered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Evans & Hampson, 2015 source
- cites Li et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Li et al., 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGreater ADHD traits are associated with longer SSRT, and gender affects this relationship at younger ages.
“Research has shown that greater ADHD traits are associated with longer SSRT and gender affects at younger ages (e.g., Crosbie et al., 2013)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Crosbie et al., 2013 source
The Results (Stop Signal Task Performance and Trait-ADHD) report that higher ADHD trait scores were associated with longer SSRT and that gender affected SSRT at age 6 but not age 18. However, the Discussion explicitly says there was no interaction between gender and ADHD trait scores, so the paper does not support the claim that gender affects the relationship between ADHD traits and SSRT at younger ages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationRitual inhibition during exposure is related to OCD improvement.
“Preliminary research indicates that ritual inhibition during exposure is related to OCD improvement (Benito et al., 2012; McLaughlin et al., 2016a), suggesting that other measurable RI constructs may possibly predict ERP outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Benito et al., 2012 source
- cites McLaughlin et al., 2016a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationStimulant medication can independently improve response inhibition performance on the SSRT.
“it is important to note that stimulant medication can independently improve RI performance on the SSRT (Boonstra et al., 2005; Rosch et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Boonstra et al., 2005 source
The Change Task results (p. 17) found no significant improvement in SSRT with methylphenidate across the adult ADHD group. The Discussion (p. 21) reports a large improvement in a subgroup with slower placebo SSRTs, so the paper supports that medication can improve SSRT performance in some participants, but not an unqualified improvement across the group. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Rosch et al., 2016 source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong adolescent males, a positive correlation between SSRT and CYBOCS scores was observed (r = .69), although it did not reach significance.
“Notably, although significance was not met in our age by gender subgroups (Aim 4b), we only observed a positive correlation between SSRT and CYBOCS scores among adolescent males (r = .69).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNeither the baseline SSRT nor the SSRT change relationship with CYBOCS change reached significance for female children.
“These findings appear to be driven by female adolescents specifically, as neither relationship reached significance for female children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataGo Reaction Time on the SST was not significantly correlated with SSRT at baseline or post-treatment, nor was change in Go Reaction Time significantly correlated with change in SSRT.
“Go Reaction Time on the SST was not significantly correlated with SSRT at baseline (r = −.08, p = .62) or post-treatment (r = .03, p = .85), nor was change in Go Reaction Time significantly correlated with change in SSRT (r = −.10, p = .53).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNeither baseline SSRT nor SSRT change predicted CYBOCS change across treatment in the whole sample or in subgroups divided by age.
“When associations between SSRT and OCD severity were tested in the whole sample and in subgroups divided by age, no significant relationships were found: both baseline SSRT and SSRT change did not predict CYBOCS change across treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn this sample, OCD severity was not significantly related to stop-signal reaction time, neither in the whole sample nor in subgroups divided by age and gender.
“In this sample, OCD severity was not significantly related to SSRT in the whole sample and among subgroups divided by age and gender (Aim 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataYouth with and without ADHD did not differ significantly in baseline SSRT or SSRT change.
“As part of covariate identification, we examined ADHD status and did not find a significant difference in baseline SSRT or SSRT change in youth with vs. without ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationResearch in typically developing people suggests extensive developmental differences in RI between adults and children, including age-related differences in accuracy and reaction time on RI tasks.
“Research in typically developing people suggests that there are extensive developmental differences in RI between adults and children, including age-related differences in accuracy and reaction time on RI tasks that are thought to reflect the prolonged maturation of the fronto-striatal network (Booth et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Booth et al., 2003 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSST-measured response inhibition improves over childhood and reflects developmental maturation of fronto-striatal networks.
“The direction of the relationship was consistent with prior research showing that SST-measured RI improves over childhood (Dupuis et al., 2018) and reflects developmental maturation of fronto-striatal networks (Booth et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Dupuis et al., 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Booth et al., 2003 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Mancini et al. (2018) sample consisted of outpatients with OCD, Tourette Syndrome, or both, which produced a wider range of CYBOCS scores than the present intensive treatment sample.
“The Mancini et al. (2018) sample was comprised of outpatients with OCD, Tourette Syndrome, or both diagnoses, which led to a wider range of CYBOCS scores than we observed in our intensive treatment sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mancini et al., 2018 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningMethodological differences may explain the inconsistency between the present null SSRT-CYBOCS finding and the positive finding reported by Mancini et al. (2018).
“It is also possible that methodological differences explain this inconsistency.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mancini et al., 2018 source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataIn this first longitudinal examination of SST-measured response inhibition in intensive OCD treatment, pediatric OCD severity and treatment response are not generally related to response inhibition.
“In conclusion, this first longitudinal examination of SST-measured RI in the intensive OCD treatment context suggests that pediatric OCD severity and response to treatment are not generally related to RI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenParental consent and youth assent were obtained upon program admission from research staff who were not involved in clinical care.
“Parental consent and youth assent were obtained upon program admission from research staff who were not involved in clinical care.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe small sample size and the absence of a continuous measure of ADHD severity prevented a more thorough investigation of ADHD-related effects on the results.
“Unfortunately, our small sample size and lack of a continuous measure of ADHD severity precluded more thorough investigation of ADHD-related effects on our results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study was conducted in a natural clinical setting with non-standardized treatment components, including heterogeneous medication regimens and variable therapy dose in terms of length of stay and prior therapy history.
“this study was conducted in a natural clinical setting with non-standardized treatment components (e.g., heterogeneous medication regimens), variable “dose of therapy” in terms of lengths of stay and prior therapy history”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenPrimary aims used a Bonferroni correction (p < .017).
“Analyses for primary aims (1–3) used a bonferroni correction (p < .017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRubia et al. (2013) found that gender differences on SST may be stronger in adolescence and normalize in mid-adulthood; in their sample, faster SSRT in females was shown in adolescents, but performance was equivalent between male and female genders in adults.
“For example, Rubia et al. (2013) found that gender differences on SST may be stronger in adolescence and normalize in mid-adulthood. In their sample, faster SSRT (i.e., better inhibitory control) in females was shown in adolescents, but performance was equivalent between male and female genders in adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rubia et al., 2013 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataGroup-level findings across studies may obscure differences in the SSRT-CYBOCS relationship that emerge differentially across development and gender.
“It is therefore possible that group level findings across studies obscure potentially meaningful differences in the SSRT-CYBOCS relationship that emerge differentially in development across genders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenNo measure of pubertal status was obtained; age was used as a proxy to classify participants as children or adolescents.
“Finally, there was no measure of pubertal status. Instead, age was used as a proxy to classify participants as children or adolescents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMales and females can engage different brain areas to achieve the same performance on an inhibitory control task.
“Indeed, prior research indicates that males and females can engage different brain areas to achieve the same end performance result on an inhibitory control task (e.g., females engage more frontal areas and males more parietal areas; Christakou et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Christakou et al., 2009 source
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenNo prior research has longitudinally examined whether changes in OCD severity co-occur with changes in SSRT or whether SSRT is impacted by pharmacological or cognitive-behavioral treatments for OCD.
“To our knowledge, no prior research has longitudinally examined whether changes in OCD severity co-occur with changes in SSRT or whether SSRT is impacted by pharmacological or cognitive-behavioral treatments for OCD (or their combination).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataOnly one task, the stop-signal task, was used to measure response inhibition, focusing specifically on action cancellation.
“Fourth, we used only one task to measure RI, with the intent of focusing specifically on action cancellation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningExploratory analyses did not correct for multiple comparisons.
“Exploratory analyses (aim 4) did not correct for multiple comparisons given the importance of avoiding type II error in analyses for which hypothesis generation is the major goal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe failure to observe a relationship between SST performance and compulsion severity may be attributable to the relatively small sample of the present study.
“This may relate to the relatively small sample used in the present study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSex and gender interact with developmental processes to influence executive functioning deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.
“Prior research has shown that sex and gender interact with developmental processes to influence executive functioning deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders (Grissom & Reyes, 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grissom & Reyes, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe pattern of results is consistent with response inhibition acting as a moderator of exposure and response prevention rather than as a mechanism through which that treatment produces clinical improvement.
“Although seemingly discrepant, this pattern of results would be consistent with the idea that RI may act as an ERP moderator but is not a mechanism through which ERP produces clinical improvement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Lifespan/Rhode Island Hospital.
“This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Lifespan/Rhode Island Hospital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe interval between pre- and post-treatment SST measures varied, and task practice effects were possible.
“Other limitations regarding the SST include variable time between pre- and post-treatment measures (given the link to program discharge) and the possibility of task practice effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenNo studies have examined the relationship between gender differences or gender by age interactions on SST performance in OCD.
“To our knowledge, there are no studies examining the relationship between gender differences or gender by age interactions on SST performance in OCD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenOCD severity was rated by non-blinded raters.
“non-blinded raters of OCD severity”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The SST adapted from Aron et al. (2003) and used in adult OCD research validly assesses inhibition of prepotent motor responses in youth with OCD.
“A computerized version of the SST task adapted from (Aron et al., 2003) and used in prior research in adult OCD (McLaughlin et al., 2016a) was used to assess inhibition of prepotent motor responses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The intensive treatment program's components (ERP plus as-needed medication management) are the standard treatment components for this level of care.
“Participants were 36 youth admitted to an intensive treatment program for OCD focused on ERP plus as-needed medication management, the standard treatment components for this level of care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Admission to intensive care for OCD typically necessitates that the child experience inadequate response to treatment at a lower level of care.
“Admission to intensive care for OCD typically necessitates that the child experience inadequate response to treatment at a lower level of care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanism theorized for exposure and response prevention is that recruiting response inhibition helps inhibit rituals during exposure.
“which is consistent with the theorized mechanism of ERP (i.e., that recruitment of RI is helpful for inhibiting rituals during exposure)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Age is an adequate proxy for pubertal and hormonal status when classifying participants as children or adolescents.
“Finally, there was no measure of pubertal status. Instead, age was used as a proxy to classify participants as children or adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Intensive levels of care tend to serve patients with more severe, complex, or refractory OCD who are not medication naive.
“The intensive level of care inherently tends to serve patients with more severe, complex, or refractory cases of OCD who are not medication naive.”
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: F (1, 6) = 3.48, p = .12
MinorThe paper reports p = .12 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .111. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .12 · recomputed p = .111
“F (1, 6) = 3.48, p = .12”
Inconsistent p-value: F(1, 11) = 1.91, p = .23
MinorThe paper reports p = .23 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .194. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .23 · recomputed p = .194
“F(1, 11) = 1.91, p = .23”
Inconsistent p-value: F (1, 5) = .84, p = .41
MinorThe paper reports p = .41 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .401. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .41 · recomputed p = .401
“F (1, 5) = .84, p = .41”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 6) = 3.48reported p = .12 · recomputed p = .111
“F (1, 6) = 3.48, p = .12”
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 5) = 0.84reported p = .41 · recomputed p = .401
“F (1, 5) = .84, p = .41”
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 11) = 1.91reported p = .23 · recomputed p = .194
“F(1, 11) = 1.91, p = .23”
- ConsistentF(1, 34) = 5.62reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .024
“F(1, 34) = 5.62, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 34) = 2.03reported p = .16 · recomputed p = .163
“F(1, 34) = 2.03, p = .16”
- ConsistentF(1, 35) = 0.82reported p = .37 · recomputed p = .371
“F(1, 35) = .82, p = .37”
- ConsistentF(1, 30) = 0.04reported p = .84 · recomputed p = .843
“F(1, 30) = .04, p = .84”
- ConsistentF(1, 30) = 2.43reported p = .13 · recomputed p = .130
“F(1, 30) = 2.43, p = .13”
- ConsistentF(1, 35) = 0.38reported p = .54 · recomputed p = .542
“F(1, 35) = .38, p = .54”
- ConsistentF(1, 30) = 0.21reported p = .65 · recomputed p = .650
“F(1, 30) = .21, p = .65”
- ConsistentF(1, 30) = 1.95reported p = .17 · recomputed p = .173
“F(1, 30) = 1.95, p = .17”
- Consistentt(34) = 0.34reported p = .74 · recomputed p = .736
“t(34) = .34, p = .74”
- Consistentt(34) = -0.35reported p = .73 · recomputed p = .728
“t(34) = −.35, p = .73”
- Consistentt(34) = 0.97reported p = .34 · recomputed p = .339
“t(34) = .97, p = .34”
- Consistentt(34) = 1.45reported p = .16 · recomputed p = .156
“t(34) = 1.45, p = .16”
- Consistentt(34) = -0.3reported p = .77 · recomputed p = .766
“t(34) = −0.30, p = .77”
- Consistentt(34) = 0.09reported p = .93 · recomputed p = .929
“t(34) = .09, p = .93”
- Consistentt(34) = 0.67reported p = .51 · recomputed p = .507
“t(34) = .67, p = .51”
- ConsistentF(3, 35) = 0.71reported p = .55 · recomputed p = .553
“F(3, 35) = .71, p = .55”
- ConsistentF(3, 35) = 0.91reported p = .45 · recomputed p = .446
“F(3, 35) = .91, p = .45”
- ConsistentF(3, 35) = 0.48reported p = .7 · recomputed p = .698
“F(3, 35) = .48, p = .70”
- ConsistentF(3, 35) = 0.4reported p = .76 · recomputed p = .754
“F(3, 35) = .40, p = .76”
- ConsistentF(1, 16) = 3.81reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .069
“F(1, 16) = 3.81, p = .07”
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 0.02reported p = .89 · recomputed p = .889
“F(1, 18) = .02, p = .89”
- ConsistentF(1, 16) = 2.16reported p = .16 · recomputed p = .161
“F(1, 16) = 2.16, p = .16”
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 0.07reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .794
“F(1, 18) = .07, p = .80”
- ConsistentF(1, 17) = 18.12reported p = 0 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 17) = 18.12, p = .00”
- ConsistentF(1, 17) = 0.14reported p = .72 · recomputed p = .713
“F(1, 17) = .14, p = .72”
- ConsistentF(1, 17) = 10.82reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .004
“F(1, 17) = 10.82, p = .01”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- ConsistentF(1, 17) = 0.09reported p = .76 · recomputed p = .768
“F(1, 17) = .09, p = .76”
- ConsistentF(1, 10) = 15.96reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F(1, 10) = 15.96, p = .003”
- ConsistentF(1, 11) = 0.04reported p = .85 · recomputed p = .845
“F (1, 11) = .04, p = .85”
- ConsistentF(1, 10) = 15.07reported p = 0 · recomputed p = .003
“F (1, 10) = 15.07, p = .00”
- ConsistentF(1, 5) = 0.08reported p = .79 · recomputed p = .789
“F (1, 5) = .08, p = .79”
- ConsistentF(1, 11) = 0reported p = .99 · recomputed p = 1.000
“F (1, 11) = .00, p = .99”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Race categories exceed the sample size
MinorThe listed race and ethnicity counts total 39 participants, but the study reports a sample of 36.
Reported 36 · recomputed 39
“The majority of participants (n = 29, 80%) identified as white; two participants (5%) identified as Native American, two as multiracial, and six (16%) did not report race/ethnicity.”
Cites
Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Reliability and Validity
SCAHILL, L., RIDDLE, M. A., McSWIGGIN-HARDIN, M., ORT, S. I., KING, R. A., GOODMAN, W. K., CICCHETTI, D., & LECKMAN, J. F. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00023 · Cited by 2,045 · see citing works
Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans
Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1003 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: A model and a method.
Logan, G. D., Cowan, W. B., & Davis, K. A. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.10.2.276 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works
On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: A model and a method.
Logan, G. D., Cowan, W. B., & Davis, K. A. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.10.2.276 · Cited by 1,537 · see citing works
Insights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience
Chambers, C. D., Garavan, H., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Trichotillomania
Chamberlain, S. R., Fineberg, N. A., Blackwell, A. D., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.7.1282 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Menzies, L., Achard, S., Chamberlain, S. R., Fineberg, N., Chen, C.-H., del Campo, N., Sahakian, B. J., Robbins, T. W., & Bullmore, E. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm205 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Chamberlain, S. R., Fineberg, N. A., Menzies, L. A., Blackwell, A. D., Bullmore, E. T., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.335 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Neural development of selective attention and response inhibition
Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Lei, Z., Trommer, B. L., Davenport, N. D., Li, W., Parrish, T. B., Gitelman, D. R., & Mesulam, M. M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00404-x · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Impaired response inhibition in obsessive compulsive disorder
Penadés, R., Catalán, R., Rubia, K., Andrés, S., Salamero, M., & Gastó, C. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.05.001 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Let’s call the whole thing off: evaluating gender and sex differences in executive function
Grissom, N. M., & Reyes, T. M. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0179-5 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
de Wit, S. J., de Vries, F. E., van der Werf, Y. D., Cath, D. C., Heslenfeld, D. J., Veltman, E. M., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Veltman, D. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010073 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Restraint and cancellation: multiple inhibition deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Schachar, R., Logan, G. D., Robaey, P., Chen, S., Ickowicz, A., & Barr, C. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9075-2 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Franklin, M. E., Sapyta, J., Freeman, J. B., Khanna, M., Compton, S., Almirall, D., Moore, P., Choate-Summers, M., Garcia, A., Edson, A. L., et al. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1344 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse inhibition deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Bannon, S., Gonsalvez, C. J., Croft, R. J., & Boyce, P. M. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00104-x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Response inhibition and ADHD traits: Correlates and heritability in a community sample
Crosbie, J., Arnold, P., Paterson, A., Swanson, J., Dupuis, A., Li, X., Shan, J., Goodale, T., Tam, C., Strug, L. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9693-9 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Interactions between cognition and emotion during response inhibition.
Pessoa, L., Padmala, S., Kenzer, A., & Bauer, A. J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024109 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Gender differences in the neural correlates of response inhibition during a stop signal task
Li, C.-S. R., Huang, C. X., Constable, R. T., & Sinha, R. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.017 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Disentangling common and specific neural subprocesses of response inhibition
Sebastian, A., Pohl, M. F., Klöppel, S., Feige, B., Lange, T., Stahl, C., Voss, A., Klauer, K. C., Lieb, K., & Tüscher, O. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.020 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Woolley, J., Heyman, I., & Brammer, M. J. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20864 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Norman, L. J., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Radua, J., Chye, Y., De Wit, S. J., Huyser, C., Karahanoglu, F. I., Luks, T., Manoach, D., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Impaired sensorimotor gating in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Ahmari, S. E., Risbrough, V. B., Geyer, M. A., & Simpson, H. B. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.308 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Roth, R. M., Saykin, A. J., Flashman, L. A., Pixley, H. S., West, J. D., & Mamourian, A. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.007 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Effects of estrogen variation on neural correlates of emotional response inhibition
Amin, Z., Epperson, C. N., Constable, R. T., & Canli, T. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.013 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control
Woolley, J., Heyman, I., Brammer, M., Frampton, I., McGuire, P. K., & Rubia, K. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036558 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Boonstra, A. M., Kooij, J. J. S., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490515757 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Page, L. A., Rubia, K., Deeley, Q., Daly, E., Toal, F., Mataix-Cols, D., Giampietro, V., Schmitz, N., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.05.002 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Christakou, A., Halari, R., Smith, A. B., Ifkovits, E., Brammer, M., & Rubia, K. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.070 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Evidence base update for psychosocial treatments for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder
Freeman, J., Garcia, A., Frank, H., Benito, K., Conelea, C., Walther, M., & Edmunds, J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.804386 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Lim, L., Ecker, C., Halari, R., Giampietro, V., Simmons, A., Brammer, M., & Smith, A. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.078 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Cognitive Control: an Extended Investigation of the Stop Signal Task
Li, C. R., Zhang, S., Duann, J., Yan, P., Sinha, R., & Mazure, C. M. (2009) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-009-9068-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Behavioral and cognitive impulsivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder and eating disorders
Boisseau, C. L., Thompson‐Brenner, H., Caldwell‐Harris, C. L., Pratt, E. M., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.010 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
van Rooij, D., Hartman, C. A., Mennes, M., Oosterlaan, J., Franke, B., Rommelse, N., Heslenfeld, D., Faraone, S. V., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2015) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., Mittelman, A., Stark, A., Ramsey, K., & Geller, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12414 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Multidimensional measures of impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Cannot wait and stop
Sohn, S. Y., Kang, J. I., Namkoong, K., & Kim, S. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111739 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Inhibition of thoughts and actions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: extending the endophenotype?
Morein-Zamir, S., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170999033x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Benito, K. G., Machan, J., Freeman, J. B., Garcia, A. M., Walther, M., Frank, H., Wellen, B., Stewart, E., Edmunds, J., Kemp, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000315 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationBannbers, E., Gingnell, M., Engman, J., Morell, A., Comasco, E., Kask, K., Garavan, H., Wikström, J., & Sundström Poromaa, I. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.006 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sex dependency of inhibitory control functions
Mansouri, F. A., Fehring, D. J., Gaillard, A., Jaberzadeh, S., & Parkington, H. (2016) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0065-y · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Inhibition is impaired in children with obsessive-compulsive symptoms but not in those with tics
Mancini, C., Cardona, F., Baglioni, V., Panunzi, S., Pantano, P., Suppa, A., & Mirabella, G. (2018) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27406 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sex-dependent effects on tasks assessing reinforcement learning and interference inhibition
Evans, K. L., & Hampson, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01044 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lei, H., Zhu, X., Fan, J., Dong, J., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., & Zhong, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10413 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rosch, K. S., Fosco, W. D., Pelham, W. E., Waxmonsky, J. G., Bubnik, M. G., & Hawk, L. W. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0031-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kalanthroff, E., Teichert, T., Wheaton, M. G., Kimeldorf, M. B., Linkovski, O., Ahmari, S. E., Fyer, A. J., Schneier, F. R., Anholt, G. E., & Simpson, H. B. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22492 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Stop signal reaction time deficits in a lifetime obsessive-compulsive disorder sample
McLaughlin, N. C. R., Kirschner, J., Foster, H., O’Connell, C., Rasmussen, S. A., & Greenberg, B. D. (2016) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617716000540 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationMenstrual cycle phase modulates cognitive control over male but not female stimuli
Roberts, G. M. P., Newell, F., Simões-Franklin, C., & Garavan, H. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.061 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cognitive Neuroscience of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Stern, E. R., & Taylor, S. F. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cool and Hot Aspects of Executive Function in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Hybel, K. A., Mortensen, E. L., Lambek, R., Thastum, M., & Thomsen, P. H. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0229-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
CBT specific process in exposure-based treatments: Initial examination in a pediatric OCD sample
Benito, K. G., Conelea, C., Garcia, A. M., & Freeman, J. B. (2012) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.01.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, S., Cath, D. C., van der Werf, Y. D., de Wit, S. J., Veltman, D. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2017) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2017.1347711 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Response inhibition and error-monitoring processes in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Berlin, G. S., & Lee, H.-J. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.11.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prefrontal activity during response inhibition decreases over time in the postpartum period
Bannbers, E., Gingnell, M., Engman, J., Morell, A., Sylvén, S. M., Skalkidou, A., Kask, K., Bäckström, T. C., Wikström, J., & Poromaa, I. S. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fan, J., Liu, W., Lei, H., Cai, L., Zhong, M., Dong, J., Zhou, C., & Zhu, X. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gooskens, B., Bos, D. J., Mensen, V. T., Shook, D. A., Bruchhage, M. M. K., Naaijen, J., Wolf, I., Brandeis, D., Williams, S. C. R., Buitelaar, J. K., et al. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.11.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Response Time Adjustment in the Stop Signal Task: Development in Children and Adolescents
Dupuis, A., Indralingam, M., Chevrier, A., Crosbie, J., Arnold, P., Burton, C. L., & Schachar, R. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13062 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brennan, E., Francazio, S., Gunstad, J., & Flessner, C. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0554-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
PREPULSE INHIBITION DEFICITS ONLY IN FEMALES WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Steinman, S. A., Ahmari, S. E., Choo, T. H., Kimeldorf, M. B., Feit, R., Loh, S. A., Risbrough, V. B., Geyer, M. A., STEINGLASS, J. E., Wall, M. M., et al. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22474 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Grissom, N. M., & Reyes, T. M. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0367-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pediatric OCD in the era of RDoC
Garnaat, S. L., Conelea, C. A., McLaughlin, N. C. R., & Benito, K. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.03.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Chamberlain, 2007, Impaired cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 335, 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.335 · DOI · Paper page
- McLaughlin, 2016, Stop signal reaction time deficits in a lifetime obsessive-compulsive disorder sample, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 22, 785, 10.1017/S1355617716000540 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ganzevoort, C. O. W., Wolters, L. H., Hornstra, R., Grieve, C. M., Højgaard, D. R. M. A., Skarphedinsson, G. A., Weidle, B., Waite, P., Bertie, L.-A., Tomlinson, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102940 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Zhang, C., Xinpeng, X., Lu, D., Pan, W., & Li, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1937285
Ganzevoort, C. O. W., Hornstra, R., Wolters, L. H., Isaksen, C. S., Smárason, O., Hybel, K. A., Højgaard, D. R. M. A., Skarphéðinsson, G., Kreuze, L. J., & Nauta, M. H. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03192-3
Early life adversity, inhibitory control, and behavioral dysregulation among individuals with OCD
Fedorenko, E. J., Sherman, A. L., Nestadt, G., Grados, M., SAMUELS, J. F., McCracken, J. T., Chang, S. W., Greenberg, B. D., & McLaughlin, N. C. R. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117135
Self-citation
- Authors
- Conelea, C. A., Morris, S., McLaughlin, N., Mamaril, E., Benito, K., Case, B., & Garcia, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Bradley Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Conelea, Christine A.
- Venue
- Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 100764
- ISSN
- 2211-3649 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9835685
- OpenAlex
- W4309626098
- Semantic Scholar
- 7318e35370025a3a1c514de1f9d078df8f793686
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 0.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 334 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH100607, K23MH103617)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- response inhibition, obsessive-compulsive disorder, pediatric OCD, adolescents, exposure and response prevention, intensive treatment, treatment response, stop-signal task, stop-signal reaction time, OCD severity, gender differences, developmental differences, Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-03.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-03.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
