Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control
Open accessAbstract
Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be related to a dysfunction in frontostriatal pathways mediating inhibitory control. However, no functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has tested this in children. Aims: To test whether adolescents with OCD in partial remission would show abnormal frontostriatal brain activation during tasks of inhibition. Method: Event-related fMRI was used to compare brain activation in 10 adolescent boys with OCD with that of 9 matched controls during three different tasks of inhibitory control. Results: During a ‘stop’ task, participants with OCD showed reduced activation in right orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia; inhibition failure elicited mesial frontal underactivation. Task switching and interference inhibition were associated with attenuated activation in frontal, temporoparietal and cerebellar regions. Conclusions: These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that paediatric OCD is characterised by a dysregulation of frontostriatothalamic brain regions necessary for motor inhibition, and also demonstrate dysfunction of temporoparietal and frontocerebellar attention networks during more cognitive forms of inhibition.
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- Interpretationcitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functions
Dysfunction of these two interconnected brain regions during errors supports the view that OCD involves a neurocognitive dysregulation of performance monitoring functions.
“Dysfunction of these two interconnected brain regions in the context of errors supports the view of a neurocognitive dysregulation of performance monitoring functions in OCD. 26,27”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [26] source
- cites [27] source
The Discussion links anterior cingulate activation to performance monitoring, but the study compares adolescents with adults, not people with OCD. It also says error trials were excluded from the activation analysis, so it does not establish dysfunction of two regions during errors in OCD. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Underactivation in temporoparietal and cerebellar regions
Deficits in selective attention and cognitive flexibility, not only inhibitory functions, have been found in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
“Deficits in selective attention and cognitive flexibility, not just inhibitory functions, have been found in adult patients with OCD. 1,2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] source
- cites [2] source
In “Parietal and cerebellar involvements in OCD,” the paper discusses cognitive deficits in OCD, including executive dysfunction, and refers to abnormal neuropsychological performance. It does not specifically report deficits in selective attention or cognitive flexibility; its proposed link between cerebellar changes and cognitive deficits is described as speculative. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Unimpaired task performance
In adult obsessive-compulsive disorder, deficits exist during similar and even identical tasks of motor inhibition, interference inhibition and cognitive switching.
“contrast with findings in adult OCD of deficits during similar and even identical tasks of motor inhibition, interference inhibition and cognitive switching. 1,2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] source
- cites [2] source
In “Parietal and cerebellar involvements in OCD” (page unavailable), the paper discusses abnormal neuropsychological performance and possible executive deficits in OCD. It does not report deficits on motor-inhibition, interference-inhibition, or cognitive-switching tasks, let alone establish that the tasks were similar or identical. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingreasoning§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functions
In paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, frontostriatal pathways show reduced activation during cognitive challenge.
“The findings of underactivation in frontostriatal pathways during cognitive challenge in paediatric OCD”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Stop task
In the successful stop versus unsuccessful stop contrast, the OCD group showed reduced activation relative to controls in the right and left orbitofrontal cortex and in a large cluster covering the right thalamus and basal ganglia, including the head of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.
“Analysis of variance showed decreased brain activation in the OCD group compared with the control group in the right and left orbitofrontal cortex and in an extensive cluster of right thalamus and the basal ganglia including the head of the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus (Table 3, Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“During the 'stop' task, the boys with OCD showed reduced activation in inferior and orbital frontostriatothalamic brain regions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data§ Switch task
No task showed increased brain activation in the OCD group relative to controls.
“There was no increased brain activation in the OCD group compared with the control group in any of the tasks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Stop task
In the unsuccessful stop versus go contrast, the OCD group showed reduced activation compared with controls in the mesial frontal gyrus, extending into the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus.
“Analysis of variance showed decreased activation for the OCD group compared with the control group in the mesial frontal gyrus, reaching laterally into left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrally into anterior cingulate gyrus (see Table 3, Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Stop failures were associated with reduced activation in the OCD group in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data§ Task performance
There was a trend for the OCD group to have higher error rates on the switch and motor Stroop tasks.
“There was a trend, however, for participants with OCD to show increased error rates in the switch and motor Stroop tasks (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Underactivation in temporoparietal and cerebellar regions
Adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder showed reduced activation in parietal, temporal and cerebellar cortices during the motor Stroop and switch tasks.
“The underactivation in adolescents with OCD in parietal, temporal and cerebellar cortices during the motor Stroop and switch tasks was unexpected”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Task performance
No significant difference between the OCD and control groups was found for any of the main task performance variables.
“No significant between-group difference was observed for any of the main performance variables.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Motor Stroop task
In the motor Stroop task, the OCD group showed reduced activation compared with controls in the right and left cerebellar vermis and the right middle temporal gyrus.
“Analysis of variance showed significantly decreased activation in the latter group in the right and left cerebellar vermis and right middle temporal gyrus (Table 3, Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Unimpaired task performance
Adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder showed unimpaired performance on tasks of inhibitory control.
“The findings of unimpaired performance on tasks of inhibitory control in adolescents with OCD”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction
These inhibitory deficits have been linked to poor control of obsessions and compulsions.
“These deficits have been associated with poor inhibitory control of obsessions and compulsions. 3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] source
- Interpretationown data§ Discussion
Even though task performance was equivalent, boys with treated OCD in partial remission exhibited reduced brain activation in task-relevant neural networks across three different inhibition tasks.
“Despite equivalent task performance, boys with treated OCD in partial remission showed reduced brain activation in task-relevant neural networks during three different inhibition tasks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ten adolescent boys with OCD in partial remission are representative of paediatric OCD generally.
- Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functions
In adult obsessive-compulsive disorder, the same frontostriatal regions show increased activation during symptom provocation.
“relatively consistent findings of overactivation of the same brain regions during symptom provocation in adult OCD. 28”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] source
- Interpretationown data§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functions
The observed frontostriatothalamic underactivation during motor inhibition in young people with OCD supports the hypothesis that dysregulation of orbitofrontostriatal pathways underlies the pathology of OCD.
“This finding of frontostriatothalamic underactivation during motor inhibition in young people with OCD supports the hypothesis that a dysregulation of orbitofrontostriatal pathways mediating inhibitory control functions underlies the pathology of this disorder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ten adolescent boys with OCD in partial remission are representative of paediatric OCD generally.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functions
The specific finding of underactivation in these brain regions during cognitive challenge is only partly consistent with adult functional imaging studies.
“the specific finding of underactivation of these brain regions during cognitive challenge is only partly in line with adult functional imaging studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction
In adult OCD, impaired inhibitory performance persists even after treatment and symptom reduction.
“Impaired inhibitory performance in adult OCD is still observed despite treatment and symptom reductions. 9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] source
- Interpretationown data§ Discussion
The results provide only partial support for the hypothesis that paediatric OCD involves abnormal frontostriatothalamic pathways during inhibitory control.
“These preliminary findings only partially confirm the hypothesis of abnormal frontostriatothalamic pathways during inhibitory control in paediatric patients with OCD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ten adolescent boys with OCD in partial remission are representative of paediatric OCD generally.
- Premisecitation§ Introduction
The stop, motor Stroop, and switch tasks activate task-specific frontostriatal brain regions.
“three different tasks of inhibitory control ('stop', motor Stroop and 'switch' tasks) that activate task-specific frontostriatal brain regions. 7,8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning§ Underactivation in temporoparietal and cerebellar regions
The reduced activation in parietal, temporal and cerebellar cortices during the motor Stroop and switch tasks may be related to a high demand on parietotemporal activation, presumably involving visuospatial attention mechanisms.
“may be related to the high load on parietotemporal activation during these tasks, presumably related to visuospatial attention mechanisms. 7”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] source
- Study design and conductnone given§ Limitations
Eighty percent of patients were medicated with an SSRI.
“the fact that 80% of patients were medicated with an SSRI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning§ Unimpaired task performance
Scanning patients with low symptom levels also limits the generalisability of findings.
“However, this also limits the generalisability of findings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Underactivation in temporoparietal and cerebellar regions
The reduced activation in frontoparietotemporal and cerebellar regions during these tasks might be related to problems with attentional rather than inhibitory networks.
“The underactivation in participants with OCD of frontoparietotemporal and cerebellar brain regions during these tasks might thus be related to problems with attentional rather than inhibitory networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The motor Stroop and switch tasks measure more cognitive forms of inhibition compared with the stop task and have a higher load on selective attention functions.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Underactivation in temporoparietal and cerebellar regions
The findings suggest task-specific abnormalities in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder that are not limited to frontostriatal pathways but extend to frontotemporoparietal and frontocerebellar networks.
“The findings thus suggest task-specific abnormalities in paediatric OCD that are not limited to frontostriatal pathways but extend to frontotemporoparietal and frontocerebellar networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Limitations
An underlying neurocognitive deficit in brain regions mediating inhibitory and attention functions may be a predisposing factor to the emergence of obsessions and compulsions.
“An underlying neurocognitive deficit in brain regions mediating inhibitory and attention functions may be a predisposing factor to the emergence of obsessions and compulsions, the characteristic symptoms of OCD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Unimpaired task performance
Given the partially remitted nature of the disorder in the obsessive-compulsive disorder group, the preliminary findings of dysfunction in neural networks of inhibition and attention are likely to reflect a trait marker of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
“Given the partially remitted nature of the disorder in our OCD group, these preliminary findings of dysfunction in neural networks of inhibition and attention are likely to reflect a trait marker of OCD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given§ Limitations
The study had a small sample size.
“Limitations of this study are in particular the small sample size”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data§ Unimpaired task performance
The study's sample size was small for neuropsychological analysis.
“the number of participants in our study is small for neuropsychological analysis”
- Also stated in: § Limitations · plain
“Limitations of this study are in particular the small sample size”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Limitations · plain
- May combine two claims. 22
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionIn adult obsessive-compulsive disorder, evidence indicates abnormalities in inhibitory functions such as motor and interference inhibition and task switching, as well as in frontostriatothalamic networks.
“In adult obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) there is evidence of abnormalities in inhibitory functions such as motor and interference inhibition and task switching, 1,2 as well as in mediating frontostriatothalamic networks. [3][4]4][5]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoning§ Method ParticipantsTo avoid state effects of anxiety and depression, the study required scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire and below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale.
“To avoid potential state effects of anxiety and depression, additional inclusion criteria were scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire 11 and scores below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS). 12”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] source
The METHOD Subjects section lists exclusions for mental, clinical, or neurological disorders but does not describe screening with either questionnaire. Searches for the Birleson depression questionnaire and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale found no passages giving the claimed score thresholds or rationale. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] source
The paper’s discussion of childhood-onset OCD and comorbid anxiety and depression does not describe study inclusion criteria (passage [6]; section and page not identified in our copy). Searches for the Birleson questionnaire, R-CMAS, and the stated score cutoffs found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Method ParticipantsThe ten boys with OCD had significant symptomatic improvement before scanning, with mean reductions of 46% for obsessions and 49% for compulsions.
“Assessment with this scale was repeated before fMRI scanning and confirmed significant symptomatic improvement (mean 46% for obsessions and 49% for compulsions).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ DiscussionIn the switch task, the OCD group showed reduced activation compared with controls in the right and left inferior parietal and superior temporal cortices, and in the bilateral vermis and right cerebellum.
“During the more cognitive inhibition tasks the OCD group showed reduced activation in inferior frontal (switch task) and temporoparietocerebellar regions (motor Stroop and switch tasks).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ Method ParticipantsAll ten boys had residual symptoms at the time of scanning, with a mean total CY-BOCS score of 11 (range 2-21), and were classified as treatment responders.
“Some residual symptoms were present in all 10 boys at scanning (mean total CY-BOCS score 11, range 2-21), so all could be characterised as treatment responders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsThe adolescents with OCD in this study were in partial remission and had relatively few symptoms, unlike patients in published adult studies who were fully symptomatic.
“The adolescents with OCD recruited to this study were in partial remission and had relatively few symptoms of the disorder, in contrast to the published adult studies in which patients were fully symptomatic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ LimitationsPaediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder in remission is characterised by dysfunctions of frontostriatothalamic networks during motor inhibition, and of frontotemporoparietal cortices and cerebellum during more attentional cognitive inhibition tasks.
“In conclusion, this preliminary fMRI study provides the first evidence that paediatric OCD in remission is characterised by dysfunctions of frontostriatothalamic networks during motor inhibition, and of frontotemporoparietal cortices and cerebellum during the more attentional cognitive inhibition tasks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ IntroductionObsessive-compulsive disorder typically has its onset in childhood.
“Although OCD usually begins in childhood, 6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsChronic overactivation of frontostriatothalamic pathways that produce obsessive and compulsive symptoms makes these regions less available for cognitive functions, which would explain the reduced activation seen during cognitive challenge.
“It has been argued that chronic overactivation of frontostriatothalamic pathways that are responsible for obsessive and compulsive symptoms would make the brain regions involved in these pathways less recruitable for cognitive functions, which would explain concurrent underactivation of the symptom-related reduced frontostriatal pathways during cognitive challenge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsStructural and biochemical abnormalities in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and thalamus have been reported in paediatric OCD and correlate with symptom severity.
“The findings are also in line with reported structural and biochemical abnormalities in paediatric OCD in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia and thalamus, 18,19 which have been shown to correlate with severity of OCD symptoms. 20”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ Method ParticipantsThe control group was matched to the OCD group on verbal IQ, handedness, age, and socio-economic background.
“They were matched for verbal IQ, handedness, age and socio-economic background (see Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsIn adults, correlations between orbitofrontal dysfunction, structural abnormalities, and OCD symptoms have been observed, and these were more pronounced in patients with early-onset OCD.
“In adults, correlations between orbitofrontal dysfunction, structural abnormalities and OCD symptoms have been observed, 21 which, interestingly, were more pronounced in patients with early-onset OCD. 22”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation§ Image acquisition and analysisHypothesis testing was performed at the cluster level, which has been shown to provide excellent cluster-wise type I error control.
“A generic brain activation map was then produced for each experimental condition and hypothesis testing was carried out at the cluster level, shown to give excellent cluster-wise type I error control in structural and fMRI analysis. 16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation§ Method ParticipantsThe study excluded participants with a history of intellectual disability or psychiatric disorders, including tic disorders, autism-spectrum disorder, ADHD, affective disorders, or other anxiety disorders, assessed via the Child Behavior Checklist and a psychiatrist.
“Exclusion criteria included a history of a general or specific intellectual disability or psychiatric disorders, in particular comorbid tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome), autism-spectrum disorder, attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, affective disorders or other anxiety disorders, assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist 13 and by an experienced psychiatrist (I.H.).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone given§ Image acquisition and analysisFor this group comparison, fewer than one false-activated cluster was expected at a voxel-level probability of 0.05 and a cluster-level probability of 0.01.
“For this particular group comparison, fewer than one false-activated cluster was expected at a probability value of P50.05 for voxel and P50.01 for cluster comparisons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitation§ Image acquisition and analysisBetween-group differences were analysed using analysis of variance with randomisation-based testing for voxel- or cluster-wise differences.
“Analysis of variance for between-group differences was conducted using randomisation-based testing for voxel-or cluster-wise differences, as described in detail by Bullmore et al. 16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsReduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus has been observed in adults with OCD during a colour-word Stroop task.
“and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus during a colour-word Stroop task. 5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsPharmacological treatment in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder reduces previously elevated frontostriatal activation during symptom provocation but increases previously reduced frontal activation during a Stroop task.
“This is in line with a study showing that pharmacological treatment in adult OCD leads to a reduction of previously increased frontostriatal activation with a symptom provocation task, whereas it increased previously reduced frontal activation in a Stroop task. 5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Switch taskThe switch task requires cognitive switching between two spatial dimensions.
“A modified version of the Meiran switch task was used, 7 requiring cognitive switching between two spatial dimensions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ ConclusionsThe findings confirm frontostriatal network abnormalities during motor response inhibition and additionally reveal dysfunction in temporoparietal and frontocerebellar attention networks during more cognitive inhibition.
“These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that paediatric OCD is characterised by a dysregulation of frontostriatothalamic brain regions necessary for motor inhibition, and also demonstrate dysfunction of temporoparietal and frontocerebellar attention networks during more cognitive forms of inhibition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ten adolescent boys with OCD in partial remission are representative of paediatric OCD generally.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Stop taskThe stop task measures the ability to suppress a motor response that has already been triggered.
“The fMRI adaptation of the 6 min tracking 'stop' task 8,14 measures the ability to suppress an already triggered motor response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsEarly-onset OCD has been shown to differ from late-onset OCD, with reduced blood flow in the bilateral inferior prefrontal cortex, right thalamus, and anterior cingulate gyrus.
“Early-onset OCD has been shown to differ from the late-onset disorder, with the former showing reduced blood flow in the bilateral inferior prefrontal cortex, right thalamus and anterior cingulate gyrus, 22”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Stop taskThe motor Stroop task involves a stimulus-response spatial incompatibility effect (Simon effect), shown by slower reaction times on incongruent compared with congruent trials.
“The 6 min motor Stroop task 7 involves a stimulus-response spatial incompatibility effect, or 'Simon effect' , reflected in a slowed reaction time to incongruent as compared with congruent trials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsIn adult OCD, abnormal blood flow in the left inferior prefrontal cortex correlates with errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task switching task.
“Similar to these results are findings of a correlation between abnormal blood flow in left inferior prefrontal cortex and errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task switching task in adult OCD. 23”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23]
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsThe mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices have been suggested to synergistically mediate performance monitoring and error detection.
“Stop task failures were associated with underactivation in the OCD group in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, two interrelated brain regions that have been suggested to synergistically mediate performance monitoring and error detection. 24”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoning§ Experimental designThe fMRI design used randomised presentation, mixed trials, rapid event-related sequences, jittered inter-trial intervals, and random events to optimise statistical efficiency.
“Randomised presentation, mixed trial, rapid event-related fMRI designs were used with jittered inter-trial intervals and random events to optimise statistical efficiency.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsReduced activation in the caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been observed in adults with OCD during planning.
“in the caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during planning, 31”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ Switch taskProbability values were adjusted for multiple testing using the false discovery rate.
“Probability values were adjusted for multiple testing using the false discovery rate. 15”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsReduced activation in the caudate has been observed in adults with OCD during implicit learning.
“Reduced activation in caudate has been observed in adults with OCD during implicit learning, 30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitation§ Image acquisition and analysisFor each task, the analysis expected fewer than one false-positive activated cluster at a voxel-level probability of 0.05 and a cluster-level probability of 0.0075.
“For each task, fewer than one false-positive activated cluster was expected at a probability value of P50.05 at the voxel level and P50.0075 at the cluster level.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Frontostriatal underactivation during inhibitory functionsThe mesial frontal cortex, especially the anterior cingulate gyrus, has been shown to be biochemically and structurally abnormal in children with OCD.
“Mesial frontal cortex, especially anterior cingulate gyrus, has been shown to be biochemically 25 and structurally abnormal in children with OCD, 19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ ResultsThe OCD and control groups did not differ significantly in IQ, age, handedness, anxiety, or depression at the time of scanning.
“There was no significant difference between the OCD and control groups in measures of IQ, age, handedness, anxiety and depression at the time of scanning (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ Image acquisition and analysisTime series analysis for each individual used a previously published wavelet-based data resampling method for fMRI data.
“Time series analysis for each individual was based on a previously published wavelet-based data resampling method for fMRI data. 16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ Image acquisition and analysisIndividual maps were registered into Talairach standard space using rigid body and affine transformation.
“Using rigid body and affine transformation, the individual maps were registered into Talairach standard space. 17”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ LimitationsMedication may have a mitigating effect on brain dysfunction, which might have been more pronounced in medication-naïve adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
“This implies that medication may have a mitigating effect on brain dysfunction, which might have been more pronounced in medication-naı ¨ve adolescents with OCD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ Unimpaired task performanceBrain abnormalities in fully symptomatic patients are likely to be larger or different.
“Brain abnormalities in fully symptomatic patients are likely to be larger or different.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone given§ Unimpaired task performanceScanning patients with low symptom levels has the advantage that findings are less likely to be confounded by anxiety and the potential need to inhibit obsessions and compulsions in the scanner.
“The advantage of scanning patients with low symptom levels is that findings are less likely to be confounded by anxiety and the potential need to inhibit obsessions and compulsions in the scanner.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ LimitationsLittle is known about the effects of SSRIs on functional brain activation patterns, although there is some evidence to suggest they may increase specific regional relative metabolic rate, but with different effects depending on duration of administration.
“Little is known about the effects of SSRIs on functional brain activation patterns, although there is some evidence to suggest they may increase specific regional relative metabolic rate, but with different effects depending on duration of administration. 32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
No functional imaging study has tested frontostriatal dysfunction in paediatric OCD.
“Although OCD usually begins in childhood, 6 there has been no functional imaging study in paediatric OCD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ten adolescent boys with OCD in partial remission are representative of paediatric OCD generally.
“Ten boys aged 12-16 years were recruited to the study from the Maudsley Hospital child and adolescent OCD clinic.”
“The adolescents with OCD recruited to this study were in partial remission and had relatively few symptoms of the disorder, in contrast to the published adult studies in which patients were fully symptomatic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The motor Stroop and switch tasks measure more cognitive forms of inhibition compared with the stop task and have a higher load on selective attention functions.
“The motor Stroop and switch tasks measure more cognitive forms of inhibition compared with the stop task and have a higher load on selective attention functions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Overall, the most consistent finding is decreased activation of the DLPFC, IFG, striatum, and thalamus in OCD patients during inhibition.
“Overall, the most consistent finding is decreased activation of the DLPFC, IFG, striatum, and thalamus in OCD patients during inhibition (Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008; Page et al., 2009; Rubia et al., 2010; de Wit et al., 2012).”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
The Results and Discussion report reduced inferior frontal, striatal and thalamic activation during the stop task, and dorsolateral prefrontal underactivation during stop failures. The claim combines these task-specific findings into a general finding about OCD patients, whereas this study examined boys with treated OCD in partial remission. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe N200 is reported to reflect processes underlying response inhibition and conflict monitoring, both of which are known to be dysfunctional in OCD groups.
“The N200 is reported to reflect processes underlying response inhibition and conflict monitoring, both of which are known to be dysfunctional in OCD groups (Chamberlain, Blackwell, Fineberg, Robbins, & Sahakian, 2005; Penades et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008).”
From Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with increased engagement of frontal brain regions across multiple event-related potentials (2023) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
The Results and Discussion report altered brain activation during inhibitory-control tasks in adolescents with OCD, and the discussion of frontostriatal underactivation links error-related activity to performance monitoring and conflict detection (page numbers unavailable). The paper uses fMRI and does not address the N200 or establish what that component reflects; it also reports equivalent task performance in its adolescent groups. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDecreased task-related activation is seen in the CSTC circuits during inhibition in OCD patients, although one study reported increased activation of these regions.
“Decreased task-related activation is seen in the CSTC circuits during inhibition in OCD patients (Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008; Page et al., 2009; Rubia et al., 2010; de Wit et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2012), although, one study reported increased activation of these regions (Maltby et al., 2005).”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
The absence of a switch cost in OCD and MDD patients as observed in the present study is in agreement with several recent task switching studies in adolescents with OCD or MDD.
“The absence of a switch cost in OCD and MDD patients as observed in the present study is also in agreement with several recent task switching studies in adolescents with OCD [46] [47] or MDD [49].”
From Cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression is associated with distinct neural correlates (2013) · cites this paper as [47]
During a stop signal task, adolescents with OCD show decreased metabolic activity in right OFC compared with healthy controls.
“during a stop signal task, which measures inhibitory control, adolescents with OCD show decreased metabolic activity in right OFC vs. healthy controls (Woolley et al., 2008)”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
Others report elevated FPN-thalamic connectivity and thalamic global connectivity in OCD.
“Others report elevated FPN-thalamic connectivity(17,77) and thalamic global connectivity in OCD(34).”
From Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
These studies did not assess specific thalamic connections, whereas we showed greater connectivity between the thalamus and SMN using whole-brain network analysis, thereby refining understanding of thalamic connectivity in OCD.
“These studies did not assess specific thalamic connections, whereas we showed greater connectivity between the thalamus and SMN using whole-brain network analysis, thereby refining our understanding of thalamic connectivity in OCD.”
From Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
An fMRI study reported less error-related anterior cingulate activation in adolescents with partially remitted OCD relative to healthy comparison subjects.
“In contrast, an fMRI study reported less error-related anterior cingulate activation in adolescents with partially remitted OCD relative to healthy comparison subjects (73).”
From Functional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies (2009) · cites this paper as [73]
The functioning of these circuits has not been investigated longitudinally in OCD, and only two fMRI studies have assessed them in younger patients, precluding understanding of developmental origins.
“The functioning of these circuits has not been investigated longitudinally in patients with OCD, however, and only two fMRI studies to date have assessed the functioning of these circuits in younger patients (73, 74), thereby precluding our understanding of the developmental origins of frontostriatal disturbances in OCD.”
From Functional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies (2009) · cites this paper as [73]
In neuroimaging studies, boys with OCD showed less caudate and orbitofrontal cortex activation in response to successful inhibition during a stop/signal task than healthy boys.
“as well as less caudate and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation in response to successful inhibition during a stop/signal task.18”
From Cognitive inflexibility and frontal–cortical activation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
During successful motor inhibition, healthy comparison subjects activated the right inferior frontal gyrus more than OCD subjects.
“During successful motor inhibition, healthy comparison subjects activated the right inferior frontal gyrus more than OCD subjects.13,18”
From Cognitive inflexibility and frontal–cortical activation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
Previous work shows similar SSRT in children with OCD and matched typically developing peers.
“Nevertheless, this finding converges with previous work showing similar SSRT in children with OCD and matched typically developing peers (Rubia et al., 2010; Wooley et al., 2008).”
From No evidence of differences in cognitive control in children with autism spectrum disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder: An fMRI study (2019) · cites this paper as Wooley et al., 2008
Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of cognitive control in children with OCD using stop-signal tasks have reported decreased activation of frontal regions including the orbitofrontal gyrus, mesial/dorsolateral frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, and insula, as well as subcortical regions such as thalamus, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus.
“Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of cognitive control in children with OCD using stop-signal tasks have reported decreased activation of frontal regions including the orbitofrontal gyrus, mesial/dorsolateral frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, and insula, as well as subcortical regions such as thalamus, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus (Rubia et al., 2010; Wooley et al., 200”
From No evidence of differences in cognitive control in children with autism spectrum disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder: An fMRI study (2019) · cites this paper as Wooley et al., 2008
A recent fMRI study of OCD found reduced activation in inferior and orbital fronto-striatothalamic regions during successful inhibition and reduced activation in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices during unsuccessful inhibition, suggesting both response inhibition and performance monitoring are impaired in OCD.
“A recent fMRI study of people with OCD found reduced activation in inferior and orbital fronto-striatothalamic brain regions when inhibition was successful and reduced activation in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices when inhibition was unsuccessful. This suggests that response inhibition and performance monitoring are both impaired in OCD [50].”
From Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm (2008) · cites this paper as [50]
During unsuccessful response inhibition, children with OCD show reduced medial prefrontal cortex activation.
“During unsuccessful response inhibition OCD was associated with decreased medial PFC activation.”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [161]
During successful response inhibition, children with OCD exhibit reduced activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia (caudate head, putamen, globus pallidus) relative to controls.
“During successful response inhibition, OCD was associated with decreased activation in the OFC, thalamus, and basal ganglia (caudate head, putamen, globus pallidus).”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [161]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Recorded patient scores reach excluded cutoff values
MinorThe stated inclusion criteria require depression scores below 15 and anxiety scores below 19. The OCD group's reported ranges include scores of 15 and 19, respectively.
“additional inclusion criteria were scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire 11 and scores below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS).”
“| Anxiety score (R-CMAS) | 8.6 (6.4) | 0-19 | 5.33 (2.6) | 3-11 | 1.41 | 0.18 | | Depression score (Birleson) | 7.8 (5.1) | 0-15 | 7.22 (3.3) | 2-12 | 0.29 | 0.78 |”
Patient age range exceeds the stated recruitment ages
MinorThe recruitment description limits the boys' ages to 12-16 years, but the OCD group's tabled range extends to 17 years.
“Ten boys aged 12-16 years were recruited to the study from the Maudsley Hospital child and adolescent OCD clinic.”
“| Age, years | 14.3 (1.7) | 12-17 | 14.5 (1.1) | 12-16 | 70.26 | 0.80 |”
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Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm
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Self-citationNorman, L. J., Carlisi, C., Lukito, S., Hart, H., Mataix-Cols, D., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0700 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults
Maia, T. V., Cooney, R. E., & Peterson, B. S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000606 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“, 2007), stop signal (Woolley et al., 2008), numeric conflict (Viard et al.”
BackgroundOn the Role of the Striatum in Response Inhibition
Zandbelt, B. B., & Vink, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013848 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“Clinical populations characterized by striatum dysfunction have stopping impairments [13,17,18,19,20].”
Backgroundde Wit, S. J., de Vries, F. E., van der Werf, Y. D., Cath, D. C., Heslenfeld, D. J., Veltman, E. M., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Veltman, D. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010073 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Neurodevelopment and executive function in autism
O'Hearn, K., Asato, M., Ordaz, S., & Luna, B. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000527 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“…abnormalities in frontal circuits including frontostriatal and frontoparietal circuitry (Booth et al., 2005; Kana et al., 2007; Menzies, Chamberlain, et al., 2007b; Roth et al., 2007; Rubia, Smith, Brammer, Toone, & Taylor, 2005; Schmitz et al., 2006; Suskauer et al., 2008; Woolley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFunctional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Del Casale, A., Kotzalidis, G. D., Rapinesi, C., Serata, D., Ambrosi, E., Simonetti, A., Pompili, M., Ferracuti, S., Tatarelli, R., & Girardi, P. (2011) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000325223 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Norman, L. J., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Radua, J., Chye, Y., De Wit, S. J., Huyser, C., Karahanoglu, F. I., Luks, T., Manoach, D., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Moreover, some previous work has reported decreased activation or no differences in these regions in patients with OCD relative to HC during error-processing (28, 40, 41).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRubia, K., Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Woolley, J., Heyman, I., & Brammer, M. J. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20864 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“…patients with ADHD and 17 of the control children have been reported previously in case–control studies of the Stop and Switch tasks [Rubia et al., 2005a; Smith et al., 2006] and the patients with OCD have previously been compared to a subgroup of 10 of the control children [Woolley et al., 2008].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationFunctional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies
Marsh, R., Maia, T. V., & Peterson, B. S. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091354 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“In contrast, an fMRI study reported less error-related anterior cingulate activation in adolescents with partially remitted OCD relative to healthy comparison subjects (73).”
Carlisi, C. O., Norman, L. J., Lukito, S. S., Radua, J., Mataix-Cols, D., & Rubia, K. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.006 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“16 during interference inhibition(55,56,84), response inhibition(85), planning(86), and switching(82).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAmeis, S. H., Lerch, J. P., Taylor, M. J., Lee, W., Viviano, J. D., Pipitone, J., Nazeri, A., Croarkin, P. E., Voineskos, A. N., Lai, M.-C., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15111435 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Current status of brain imaging in anxiety disorders
Damsa, C., Kosel, M., & Moussally, J. (2009) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328319bd10 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
van Velzen, L. S., Vriend, C., de Wit, S. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Pharmacological and genetic alterations are also addressed and focus on the dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenalin system.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRubia, K., Halari, R., Cubillo, A., Mohammad, A., Scott, S., & Brammer, M. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20975 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…inferior prefrontal cortex and its connection to parietal and striatal regions [Rubia et al., 2006; Rubia et al., in press; Smith et al., 2004, 2006; Woolley et al., 2008], only elicited performance deficits and brain underactivation in inferior prefrontal cortex in the ADHD compared to the…”
MethodResultSelf-citationEng, G. K., Sim, K., & Chen, S.-H. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Of these articles, only 1 was conducted in adolescents (Woolley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundA functional magnetic resonance imaging study of inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Page, L. A., Rubia, K., Deeley, Q., Daly, E., Toal, F., Mataix-Cols, D., Giampietro, V., Schmitz, N., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.05.002 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Previous functional imaging studies in OCD have found reduced activation in frontal, striatal, temporal and parietal regions during tasks of inhibitory and cognitive control (Martinot et al., 1990; Nakao et al., 2005; Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Blackford, J. U., & Pine, D. S. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.002 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., Lister, J. J., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.048 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Marchand, W. R. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0280-y · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Remijnse, P. L., van den Heuvel, O. A., Nielen, M. M. A., Vriend, C., Hendriks, G.-J., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Uylings, H. B. M., & Veltman, D. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059600 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“The absence of a switch cost in OCD and MDD patients as observed in the present study is also in agreement with several recent task switching studies in adolescents with OCD [46][47] or MDD [49].”
ResultThe neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD
Brem, S., Grünblatt, E., Drechsler, R., Riederer, P., & Walitza, S. (2014) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0146-x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“…neuro- psychological performances in paediatric OCD, which partly replicate findings from OCD in adults on impaired inhibition (Rosenberg et al. 1997; Woolley et al. 2008; but see Beers et al. 1999; Shin et al. 2008; Ornstein et al. 2010), cognitive flexibility (Shin et al. 2008; Ornstein et al.…”
BackgroundKang, D.-H., Jang, J. H., Han, J. Y., Kim, J.-H., Jung, W. H., Choi, J.-S., Choi, C.-H., & Kwon, J. S. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.001 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder?
Huyser, C., Veltman, D. J., de Haan, E., & Boer, F. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.003 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder
Richter, M. A., de Jesus, D. R., Hoppenbrouwers, S., Daigle, M., Deluce, J., Ravindran, L. N., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.300 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Cubillo, A., Woolley, J., Brammer, M. J., & Smith, A. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21048 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“On the basis of our previous fMRI study in pediatric OCD, we hypothesized that adolescents with OCD would be characterized by different abnormalities compared to controls and ADHD patients in the activation of dorsolateral and orbital frontal regions during interference inhibition and in different parieto-temporal bra…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCognitive inflexibility and frontal–cortical activation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder
Britton, J. C., Rauch, S. L., Rosso, I. M., Killgore, W. D. S., Price, L. M., Ragan, J., Chosak, A., Hezel, D. M., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.006 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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“…have stressed the primary importance of corticostriatal projections in OCD (Ahmari et al., 2013; Burguière et al., 2013, 2015; Vaghi et al., 2017), deemphasizing a role for the thalamus in this disorder (Maltby et al., 2005; Woolley et al., 2008; Gilbert et al., 2009; Del Casale et al., 2011).”
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“For example, during a stop signal task, which measures inhibitory control, adolescents with OCD show decreased metabolic activity in right OFC vs. healthy controls (Woolley et al., 2008).”
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Brain Imaging in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
MacMaster, F. P., O’Neill, J., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318185d2be · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“matter in bilateral frontal and right parietal Woolley et al.(8) 10 OCD, 9 non-OCD”
Measurement of vitamin D status: background, clinical use, and methodologies.
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Neuropsychological performance in childhood OCD: A preliminary study
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Altered BOLD Response during Inhibitory and Error Processing in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
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“Versions of the stop signal task have been used in several other related clinical populations, including adolescent depression [87] and OCD [88].”
BackgroundMethodNeonatal Head Ultrasound Abnormalities in Preterm Infants and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders
Whitaker, A. H., Feldman, J. F., Lorenz, J. M., McNicholas, F., Fisher, P. W., Shen, S., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Shaffer, D., & Paneth, N. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.62 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Inhibition is impaired in children with obsessive-compulsive symptoms but not in those with tics
Mancini, C., Cardona, F., Baglioni, V., Panunzi, S., Pantano, P., Suppa, A., & Mirabella, G. (2018) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27406 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, K. D., Schroder, H. S., & Marsh, R. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In OCD-affected compared to healthy youth, evidence suggests FPN hypo-activation during error-processing (79, 81), cognitive conflict (77, 79), task switching (79, 82) and planning (83).”
BackgroundTomiyama, H., Murayama, K., Nemoto, K., Tomita, M., Hasuzawa, S., Mizobe, T., Kato, K., Ohno, A., Tsuruta, S., Togao, O., et al. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25699 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“during SST, but the sample size is very limited (Kang et al., 2013; Rubia et al., 2010; Woolley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., Monk, C. S., Phan, K. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“and Woolley et al.(46)), the authors did not observe excessive engagement of the pMFC during conflict or error processing in youth with OCD or non-OCD anxiety disorders compared with healthy controls.”
BackgroundEffects of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on reactive response inhibition
Friehs, M. A., Frings, C., & Hartwigsen, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.013 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Out of all fMRI studies, two used fMRI during SST performance with concurrent tDCS application (Li et al., 2019a, b), one study used fMRI to investigate task and tDCS induced connectivity changes (Sandrini et al., 2020), and another study recorded fMRI only after tDCS application (Yu et al., 2015).”
MethodFunctional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sha, Z., Edmiston, E. K., Versace, A., Fournier, J. C., Graur, S., Greenberg, T., Lima Santos, J. P., Chase, H. W., Stiffler, R. S., Bonar, L., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Greater connectivity between these regions and the cortex might be associated with intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors in OCD(5,22,76).”
BackgroundAltered inhibition-related frontolimbic connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder
van Velzen, L. S., de Wit, S. J., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., Cath, D. C., de Vries, F. E., Veltman, D. J., van der Werf, Y. D., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22898 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“, 2008], and thalamus [Page et al., 2009; Woolley et al., 2008], although one study reported increased inhibition-related activation of these areas in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder [Maltby et al.”
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Bédard, M.-J., & Chantal, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.10.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“(Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008).”
Norman, L. J., Carlisi, C. O., Christakou, A., Cubillo, A., Murphy, C. M., Chantiluke, K. C., Simmons, A., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Mataix‐Cols, D., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Moon, C., & Jeong, G. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.059 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and adaptation as reflected by N2 amplitude in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Riesel, A., Klawohn, J., Kathmann, N., & Endrass, T. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003597 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Go/NoGo tasks require a high degree of response inhibition, which is proposed to be dysfunctional in OCD (Chamberlain et al. 2005, 2007; Penades et al. 2007; Woolley et al. 2008).”
BackgroundBrain imaging findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a cross-sectional review
Mana, S., Paillère Martinot, M.-L., & Martinot, J.-L. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Also, within anxiety disorders, the separate estimation of structures involved in obsessive compulsive disorder revealed an implication of the fronto-striatal network (for instance, [114]), supporting this disorder would be distinct from others anxiety disorders with an involvement of cerebral dysfunctions more simila…”
ResultMarzuki, A. A., Pereira de Souza, A. M. F. L., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Shocking advantage! Improving digital game performance using non-invasive brain stimulation
Friehs, M. A., Dechant, M., Vedress, S., Frings, C., & Mandryk, R. L. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102582 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Neural Circuitry of Interoception: New Insights into Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
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Norman, L. J., Carlisi, C. O., Christakou, A., Chantiluke, K. C., Murphy, C. M., Simmons, A., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Mataix‐Cols, D., & Rubia, K. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“the poor ability to inhibit inappropriate prepotent responses during response inhibition paradigms (Benzina et al., 2016; Lipszyc and Schachar, 2010; Norman et al., 2016; Rubia et al., 2010; Woolley et al., 2008; Zandt et al., 2009).”
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Cool and Hot Aspects of Executive Function in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Hybel, K. A., Mortensen, E. L., Lambek, R., Thastum, M., & Thomsen, P. H. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0229-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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Response inhibition and error-monitoring processes in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Berlin, G. S., & Lee, H.-J. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.11.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…circuitry (i.e., fronto-striatal circuit) have been well documented for OCD (de Wit et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2013; Menzies et al., 2007; Page et al., 2009; Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008), consistent with current biological models of OCD (Menzies et al., 2008; Vaghi et al., 2017).”
ResultHollestein, V., Buitelaar, J. K., Brandeis, D., Banaschewski, T., Kaiser, A., Hohmann, S., Oranje, B., Gooskens, B., Durston, S., Williams, S., et al. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102622 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tactile processing in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Güçlü, B., Tanıdır, C., Çanayaz, E., Güner, B., İpek, H., Üneri, Ö. Ş., & Tommerdahl, M. (2015) · Somatosensory & Motor Research · doi:10.3109/08990220.2015.1023950 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cognitive control of a simple mental image in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Koçak, O. M., ÖZPOLAT, A. G. Y., Atbaşoğlu, C., & Çíçek, M. (2011) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.03.020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“In fact, deficits in response inhibition have often been linked to several psychological disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (Dimoska et al., 2003; Woolley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGooskens, B., Bos, D. J., Mensen, V. T., Shook, D. A., Bruchhage, M. M. K., Naaijen, J., Wolf, I., Brandeis, D., Williams, S. C. R., Buitelaar, J. K., et al. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.11.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, this finding converges with previous work showing similar SSRT in children with OCD and matched typically developing peers (Rubia et al., 2010; Wooley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultCarlisi, C. O., Norman, L., Murphy, C. M., Christakou, A., Chantiluke, K., Giampietro, V., Simmons, A., Brammer, M., Murphy, D. G., Mataix-Cols, D., et al. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.12.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationOta, T., Iida, J., Sawada, M., Suehiro, Y., Yamamuro, K., Matsuura, H., Tanaka, S., Kishimoto, N., Negoro, H., & Kishimoto, T. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0323-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The first fMRI study in pediatric OCD [10] studied 10 boys with OCD after treatment and nine healthy controls.”
BackgroundCerebellar volume deficits in medication-naive obsessive compulsive disorder
Narayanaswamy, J. C., Jose, D., Kalmady, S. V., Agarwal, S. M., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Janardhan Reddy, Y. C. (2016) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Impaired response inhibition and executive dysfunction which are amongst the most replicated cognitive aberrations of OCD has been found to have a substrate in cerebellum in addition to the conventional cortical areas in fMRI studies in OCD (Page et al., 2009; Woolley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundConnectome-based predictive modeling of compulsion in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Wu, X., Yang, Q., Xu, C., Huo, H., Seger, C. A., Peng, Z., & Chen, Q. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac145 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Vriend, C., de Wit, S. J., Remijnse, P. L., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Veltman, D. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Cognitive flexibility is impaired in OCD and related disorders (Friedlander and Desrocher, 2006; Chamberlain and Menzies, 2009), which has frequently been associated with dysfunction of the dorsal frontal-striatal circuit (Remijnse et al., 2006; Gu et al., 2008; Woolley et al., 2008; Page et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultChen, J., Silk, T. J., Seal, M. L., Dally, K., & Vance, A. L. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.02.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“, 2005) and paediatric OCD (Lazaro et al., 2008; Woolley et al., 2008) have also shown dysfunction in many of these key brain regions, which may relate to underlying structural abnormalities.”
BackgroundDevelopment of Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex Function in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Johnson, T. D., Moser, J. S., Marsh, R., Hanna, G. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.02.016 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“youth.(18) Other studies report no group differences.”
Saremi, A. A., Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, I. F. C. S. S. (., Shariat, S. V., Mental Health Research Center, T. I. O. P., Nazari, M. A., Department of Psychology, F. O. E. &. P., Dolatshahi, B., & Department of Psychology, U. O. S. W. A. R. S. (2017) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.3.233 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Decreased activation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG), striatum, and thalamus in patients with OCD during inhibition is reported by several neuroimaging studies (Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008; Page et al., 2009; Rubia et al., 2009; DeWit et al., 2012).”
Resultvan der Straten, A. L., Huyser, C., Wolters, L. H., Denys, D. A. J. P., & van Wingen, G. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Early orbitofrontal hyperactivation in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Lagemann, T., Rentzsch, J., Montag, C., Gallinat, J., Jockers-Scherübl, M. C., Winter, C., & Reischies, F. M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.10.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Furthermore, some authors found significantly reduced orbitofrontal activation in OCD patients compared to healthy controls during salient cognitive processes (Gu et al., 2008; Woolley et al., 2008).”
InfluentialPena-Garijo, J., Rodríguez, M. Á. R., & Loscertales, A. B. (2010) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5009.2010154 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Imbalance between the caudate and putamen connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Peng, Z., He, T., Ren, P., Jin, L., Yang, Q., Xu, C., Wen, R., Chen, J., Wei, Z., Verguts, T., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103083 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Error-processing abnormalities in pediatric anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders
Fitzgerald, K. D., & Taylor, S. F. (2015) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000036 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In our own work, we have found reduced dlPFC activation to errors in pediatric OCD and non-OCD anxiety,(63) consistent with earlier work in pediatric OCD patients.(64) Failure to appropriately recruit dlPFC during performance monitoring may reflect insufficient capacity to engage cognitive control, contributing to def…”
ResultTowards a computational psychiatry of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder
Loosen, A. M., & Hauser, T. U. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Brain networks subserving fixed versus performance-adjusted delay stop trials in a stop signal task
Fauth‐Bühler, M., de Rover, M., Rubia, K., Garavan, H., Abbott, S., Clark, L., Vollstädt‐Klein, S., Mann, K. F., Schumann, G., & Robbins, T. W. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.023 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationVahabzadeh, A. B. N., & McDougle, C. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.05213-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Huyser, C., Veltman, D. J., Wolters, L. H., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-201012000-00009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Perera, M. P. N., Mallawaarachchi, S., Bailey, N. W., Murphy, O. W., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723000843 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“monitoring, both of which are known to be dysfunctional in OCD groups [73-75].”
BackgroundZhang, H., Sun, H., Li, J., Yang, J., Fan, Y., Jülich, S. T., & Lei, X. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pagliaccio, D., Cha, J., He, X., Cyr, M., Yanes-Lukin, P. K., Goldberg, P. H., Fontaine, M., Rynn, M. A., & Marsh, R. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13191 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…functional alterations in fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular circuits in adults (Maia et al., 2008, Menzies et al., 2008, Del Casale et al., 2016, van Velzen et al., 2014) and youth with OCD during cognitive control paradigms (Fitzgerald et al., 2013, Huyser et al., 2010, Woolley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCalkins, A. W., & Otto, M. W. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9496-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Similar patterns of PFC under-recruitment are also seen in OCD and depressed samples in fMRI studies using tasks of inhibitory and cognitive control (Harvey et al. 2005; Page et al. 2009; Roth et al. 2007; van den Heuvel et al. 2005; Woolley et al. 2008).”
BackgroundDayan, A., Berger, A., & Anholt, G. E. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003866 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mirabella, G., Upadhyay, N., Mancini, C. M., Giannì, C., Panunzi, S., Petsas, N., Suppa, A., Cardona, F., & Pantano, P. (2020) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111044 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Developmental Neuroimaging in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Liu, Y., Bilek, E. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0086-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pediatric OCD in the era of RDoC
Garnaat, S. L., Conelea, C. A., McLaughlin, N. C. R., & Benito, K. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.03.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pena Garijo, J., Barros Loscertales, A., Ventura Campos, N., Ruipérez Rodríguez, M. Á., Edo Villamón, S., & Ávila Rivera, C. (2011) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5302.2010767 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A touching advantage: cross-modal stop-signals improve reactive response inhibition
Friehs, M. A., Schmalbrock, P., Merz, S., Dechant, M., Hartwigsen, G., & Frings, C. (2024) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-023-06767-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…for psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse, binge-eating, compulsive gambling, ADHD, and obsessive compulsive disorder; all of which correlate with reduced response inhibition (Goudriaan et al. 2006; Kirsten et al. 2022; Lijffijt et al. 2005; Lipszyc and Schachar 2010; Woolley et al. 2008).”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Executive Functioning in Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Thomas, K. S., Birch, R. E., Jones, C. R. G., & Vanderwert, R. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.841633 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Schachar, R. J., Dupuis, A., Anagnostou, E. A., Georgiades, S., Soreni, N., Arnold, P. D., Burton, C. L., & Crosbie, J. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13533 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wilton, E. P., Flessner, C. A., Brennan, E., Murphy, Y. E., Walther, M. R., Garcia, A. M., Conelea, C. A., Dickstein, D. P., Stewart, E., Benito, K., et al. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00627-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In contrast, findings with respect to inhibitory control are inconsistent with both prior OCD and HPD research (Chamberlain et al. 2007; Penades et al. 2007; Woolley et al. 2008).”
ResultBaykal, S., Karabekiroğlu, K., Şenses, A., Karakurt, M. N., Çalik, T., & Yüce, M. (2014) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2014.6862 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Lewin, A. B., Park, J. M., & Storch, E. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6599-7_9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Woolley, J., Heyman, I., Brammer, M., Frampton, I., McGuire, P. K., & Rubia, K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rubia, Katya
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-31
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2085564649
- Semantic Scholar
- 2114f2748bcc35250ea9752cbb8f92556abfbbec
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 13.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, inhibitory control, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, stop-signal task, task switching, interference control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-03.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-03.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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