The growing energy footprint of artificial intelligence
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Global AI could consume 85-134 TWh of electricity in 2027.
“a recent study suggests that the global AI could consume 85–134TWh of electricity in 2027,6”
From Making AI Less 'Thirsty' (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
HPC demands contribute to AI's carbon footprint.
“contributes to AI's carbon footprint (Section 3.2.4;[42])”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
The significant energy footprint of training and running AI models presents a 'Sustainability Paradox'.
“The significant energy footprint of training and running AI models presents a 'Sustainability Paradox' [18,42,54,55].”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Environmental Sustainability confronts the paradox of AI's own significant energy consumption and carbon footprint.
“Environmental Sustainability confronts the paradox of AI's own significant energy consumption and carbon footprint [5,42].”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
There are calls for greater accountability for AI's environmental impact.
“addressing calls for greater accountability for AI's environmental impact [5,42]”
From Addressing Challenges for the Effective Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Energy Sector (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Individual AI training clusters already draw hundreds of megawatts, with the largest announced sites approaching a gigawatt.
“Individual AI training clusters already draw hundreds of megawatts, with the largest announced sites approaching a gigawatt 3”
From Grid topology and the spatial cost of AI data-centre siting (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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Mastropaolo, A., Escobar‐Velásquez, C., & Linares‐Vásquez, M. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3709360 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cellard, L., Parker, C., & Haines, F. (2025) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486251332087 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Digitalization, autonomy and the future of energy policy
Heymann, F., Küfeoğlu, S., & Galus, M. D. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104167 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- de Vries, A.
- Venue
- Joule
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2191-2194
- ISSN
- 2542-4351 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4387494819
- Cited by
- 597
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 44.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 383 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Joule (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Green IT and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Energy Efficiency in Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, energy consumption, environmental impact, carbon footprint, sustainability, digital technologies
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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