Chronic pain, TBI, and PTSD in military veterans: A link to suicidal ideation and violent impulses?
Open accessAbstract
The polytrauma clinical triad refers to the co-occurrence of chronic pain, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite research implicating dyadic relationships between these conditions and adverse outcomes, scant research has examined the polytrauma clinical triad's relation to suicide or violence. The present cross-sectional study was designed to examine whether this complex clinical presentation increases risk of suicidal ideation and violent impulses after accounting for other established risk factors. Veterans who served in the military since September 11, 2001 (N = 667) who reported chronic pain completed an interview and self-report battery. Bivariate analyses showed that suicidal ideation and violent impulses both correlated with PTSD, TBI+PTSD, pain intensity and interference, drug abuse, and major depressive disorder (MDD). Multiple regression analyses showed that: 1) race, chronic pain with PTSD, alcohol abuse, and MDD significantly predicted suicidal ideation, 2) pain interference, chronic pain with TBI, chronic pain with PTSD, chronic pain with TBI+PTSD, drug abuse, and MDD significantly predicted violent impulses, and 3) pain interference was a more critical predictor of suicidal and violent ideation than pain intensity. Implications for risk assessment and treatment are discussed.Perspective This article presents results from a study examining predictors of suicide and violence risk among a sample of post-9/11 U.S. Veterans with chronic pain. Health care professionals should assess for pain interference, TBI, PTSD, depression, and alcohol/drug abuse when conducting risk assessments with this population.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The severity of the polytrauma clinical triad may warrant additional treatment time.
“It may be that severity of the polytrauma clinical triad may warrant additional treatment time [33] [7].”
From Development and evaluation of an 1-day Acceptance and Commitment Therapy workshop for Veterans with comorbid chronic pain, TBI, and psychological distress: Outcomes from a pilot study (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
The Discussion says veterans with the polytrauma clinical triad need improved treatment planning and integrated care, while the introductory passage describes more severe psychopathology and greater healthcare utilization. Neither passage says that severity warrants additional treatment time; the study did not assess treatment duration. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
SAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,482 · see citing works
(2001) · Cited by 5,455 · see citing works
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: History, Rationale, and Description
Spitzer, R. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005 · Cited by 4,336 · see citing works
Skinner, H. A. (1982) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(82)90005-3 · Cited by 3,134 · see citing works
Joiner, T. E. (2007) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjghv2f · Cited by 2,891 · see citing works
Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts
Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., de Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., et al. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040113 · Cited by 2,654 · see citing works
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Lifetime Suicide Attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C., Borges, G., & Walters, E. E. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.617 · Cited by 2,514 · see citing works
Definition of mild traumatic brain injury
&NA;, &. (1993) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-199309000-00010 · Cited by 1,910 · see citing works
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID)
Williams, J. B. W. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080038006 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: A 20-year prospective study.
Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Grisham, J. R. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.3.371 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Thomas, J. L., Wilk, J. E., Riviere, L. A., McGurk, D., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.54 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test
Yudko, E., Lozhkina, O., & Fouts, A. (2007) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.08.002 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Asmundson, G. J., Coons, M. J., Taylor, S., & Katz, J. (2002) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370204701004 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Cuijpers, P., Vogelzangs, N., Twisk, J., Kleiboer, A., Li, J., & Penninx, B. W. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13030325 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Prevalence of Chronic Pain After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Nampiaparampil, D. E. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.711 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Lew, H. L., Otis, J. D., Tun, C., Kerns, R. D., Clark, M. E., & Cifu, D. X. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2009.01.0006 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Jakupcak, M., Conybeare, D., Phelps, L. F., Hunt, S. C., Holmes, H. A., Felker, B. L., Klevens, M., & McFall, M. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20258 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Neuropsychological treatment of mild traumatic brain injury
Kay, T. (1993) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-199309000-00009 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Effect of Cancer on Quality of Life
Cella, D. F. (1992) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/bf00434950 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Taylor, B. C., Hagel, E. M., Carlson, K. F., Cifu, D. X., Cutting, A., Bidelspach, D. E., & Sayer, N. A. (2012) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318245a558 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Behavioral Activation for Depression: A Clinician's Guide
Dahl, J. C. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.514119 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen
Marshall, A. D., Panuzio, J., & Taft, C. T. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Placidi, G. P. A., Oquendo, M. A., Malone, K. M., Huang, Y.-Y., Ellis, S. P., & Mann, J. J. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01170-2 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Prevalence and Costs of Chronic Conditions in the VA Health Care System
Yu, W., Ravelo, A., Wagner, T. H., Phibbs, C. S., Bhandari, A., Chen, S., & Barnett, P. G. (2003) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558703257000 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder vs traumatic brain injury
Bryant, R. (2011) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/rbryant · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Depression and violence: a Swedish population study
Fazel, S., Wolf, A., Chang, Z., Larsson, H., Goodwin, G. M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00128-x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Bradley, K., McDonell, M., Bush, K., Kivlahan, D., Diehr, P., & Fihn, S. (1998) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03991.x · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Noncancer pain conditions and risk of suicide
Ilgen, M. A., Kleinberg, F., Ignacio, R. V., Bohnert, A. S. B., Valenstein, M., McCarthy, J. F., Blow, F. C., & Katz, I. R. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.908 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: What about comorbid chronic pain?
Shipherd, J. C., Keyes, M., Jovanovic, T., Ready, D. J., Baltzell, D., Worley, V., Gordon-Brown, V., Hayslett, C., & Duncan, E. (2007) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2006.06.0065 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Pain among Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: Table 1
Gironda, R. J., Clark, M. E., Massengale, J., & Walker, R. L. (2006) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00146.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Kerns, R. D., Otis, J., Rosenberg, R., & Reid, M. C. (2003) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2003.09.0371 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors in chronic spinal cord injury pain
Summers, J. D., Rapoff, M. A., Varghese, G. K., Porter, K., & Palmer, R. E. (1991) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(91)90203-a · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Buckenmaier, C. C., Galloway, K. T., Polomano, R. C., McDuffie, M., Kwon, N., & Gallagher, R. M. (2012) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01516.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The impact of physical pain on suicidal thoughts and behaviors: meta-analyses
Calati, R., Laglaoui Bakhiyi, C., Artero, S., Ilgen, M., & Courtet, P. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.004 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Risk Among Veterans
Pompili, M., Sher, L., Serafini, G., Forte, A. M., Innamorati, M., Dominici, G., Lester, D., Amore, M., & Girardi, P. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182a21458 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Clinical rating scales in suicide risk assessment
Cochrane-Brink, K., Lofchy, J., & Sakinofsky, I. (2000) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(00)00106-7 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Aggression After Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence and Correlates
Rao, V., Rosenberg, P. B., Bertrand, M., Salehinia, S., Spiro, J. R., Vaishnavi, S., Rastogi, P., Noll, K., Schretlen, D. J., Brandt, J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.4.420 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Handbook of violence risk assessment.
Otto, R., & Douglas, K. (2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843666 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Guerra, V. S., & Calhoun, P. S. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.025 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Otis, J. D., Keane, T. M., Kerns, R. D., Monson, C., & Scioli, E. (2009) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00715.x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Finkel, E. J. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00001-9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Desire for Hastened Death, Cancer Pain and Depression: Report of a Longitudinal Observational Study
O’Mahony, S., Goulet, J. L., Kornblith, A. B., Abbatiello, G., Clarke, B., Kless-Siegel, S., BREITBART, W. S., & Payne, R. (2005) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.08.010 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Higgins, D. M., Kerns, R. D., Brandt, C. A., Haskell, S. G., Bathulapalli, H., Gilliam, W., & Goulet, J. L. (2014) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12388 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Suicide: Guidelines for Assessment, Management, and Treatment
Hankoff, L. D. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510080106046 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Handbook of Diagnostic and Structured Interviewing
Kaltman, S. I. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00161-7 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Chard, K. M., Schumm, J. A., McIlvain, S. M., Bailey, G. W., & Parkinson, R. B. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20644 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Pietrzak, R. H., Russo, A. R., Ling, Q., & Southwick, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.015 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Gironda, R. J., Clark, M. E., Ruff, R. L., Chait, S. R., Craine, M. H., Walker, R. L., & Scholten, J. D. (2009) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016906 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Severe Pain Predicts Greater Likelihood of Subsequent Suicide
Ilgen, M. A., Zivin, K., Austin, K., Bohnert, A. M., Czyz, E. K., Valenstein, M. M., & Kilbourne, A. M. (2010) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2010.40.6.597 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Caldeiro, R. M., Malte, C. A., Calsyn, D. A., Baer, J. S., Nichol, P., Kivlahan, D. R., & Saxon, A. J. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02358.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Chronic Widespread Pain, Mental Health, and Physical Role Function in OEF/OIF Veterans
Helmer, D. A., Chandler, H. K., Quigley, K. S., Blatt, M., Teichman, R., & Lange, G. (2009) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00723.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Bohnert, A. S. B., Ilgen, M. A., Trafton, J. A., Kerns, R. D., Eisenberg, A. L., Ganoczy, D. A., & Blow, F. C. (2013) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000011 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Interaction of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Pain following Traumatic Brain Injury
Bryant, R. A., Marosszeky, J. E., Crooks, J., Baguley, I. J., & Gurka, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-199912000-00007 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Vasterling, J. J., Jacob, S. N., & Rasmusson, A. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17090180 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ruff, R. L., Ruff, S. S., & Wang, X. F. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2009.05.0062 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Howe, C., & Sullivan, M. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation and Perceived Burdensomeness in Patients with Chronic Pain
Kanzler, K. E., Bryan, C. J., McGeary, D. D., & Morrow, C. E. (2012) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00542.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Brancu, M., Wagner, H. R., Morey, R. A., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Tupler, L. A., Marx, C. E., Taber, K. H., Hurley, R. A., Rowland, J. A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1570 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationFinley, E. P., Bollinger, M., Noël, P. H., Amuan, M. E., Copeland, L. A., Pugh, J. A., Dassori, A. M., Palmer, R. F., Bryan, C. J., & Pugh, M. J. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.301957 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Traumatic Brain Injury, PTSD, and Current Suicidal Ideation Among Iraq and Afghanistan U.S. Veterans
Wisco, B. E., Marx, B. P., Holowka, D. W., Vasterling, J. J., Han, S. C., Chen, M. S., Gradus, J. L., Nock, M. K., Rosen, R. C., & Keane, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21900 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Suicide : guidelines for assessment, management, and treatment
Bongar, B. M. (1992) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Brenner, L. A., Betthauser, L. M., Homaifar, B. Y., VILLARREAL, E. J., Harwood, J. E. F., Staves, P. J., & Huggins, J. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00041.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Wolf, G. K., Strom, T. Q., Kehle, S. M., & Eftekhari, A. (2012) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e31823cd01f · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Otis, J. D., McGlinchey, R. E., Vasterling, J. J., & Kerns, R. D. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9239-2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bahraini, N. H., Breshears, R. E., Hernández, T. D., Schneider, A. L., Forster, J. E., & Brenner, L. A. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.11.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Traumatic Brain Injury in U.S. Army Paratroopers: Prevalence and Character
Ivins, B. J., Schwab, K. A., Warden, D. L., Harvey, L. S., Hoilien, M. M., Powell, C. J., Johnson, C. E. W., & Salazar, A. Μ. (2003) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000052368.97573.d4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pugh, M. J., Finley, E. P., Wang, C., Copeland, L. A., Jaramillo, C. A., Swan, A. A., Elnitsky, C., Leykum, L. K., Mortensen, E. M., Eapen, B., et al. (2016) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2016.1219055 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Wilder, C. M., Miller, S. C., Tiffany, E., Winhusen, T. M., Winstanley, E. L., & Stein, M. D. (2015) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2016.1107264 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Plagge, J. M., Lu, M. W., Lovejoy, T. I., Karl, A. I., & Dobscha, S. K. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12155 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mosher, H. J., Krebs, E. E., Carrel, M., Kaboli, P. J., Weg, M. W. V., & Lund, B. C. (2014) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3143-z · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Walter, K. H., Kiefer, S. L., & Chard, K. M. (2011) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026254 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Violence Risk Assessment Tools: Overview and Critical Analysis
Heilbrun, K., Yasuhara, K., & Shah, S. C. (2011) · doi:10.4324/9780203843666-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kelley, M. L., Runnals, J. J., Pearson, M. R., Miller, M. M., Fairbank, J. A., & Brancu, M. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRunnals, J. J., Voorhees, E. E. V., Robbins, A. T., Brancu, M., Straits-Tröster, K. A., Beckham, J. C., & Calhoun, P. S. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12208 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationA forensic neuropsychiatric approach to traumatic brain injury, aggression, and suicide.
Wortzel, H. S., & Arciniegas, D. B. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Maguen, S., Lau, K. M., Madden, E., & Seal, K. H. (2012) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2011.02.0015 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Functional correlates of military sexual assault in male veterans.
Schry, A. R., Hibberd, R., Wagner, H. R., Turchik, J. A., Kimbrel, N. A., Wong, M., Elbogen, E. B., Strauss, J. L., & Brancu, M. (2015) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000053 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationWatkins, L. E., Sippel, L. M., Pietrzak, R. H., Hoff, R. A., & Harpaz‐Rotem, I. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Risk factors for concurrent suicidal ideation and violent impulses in military veterans.
Elbogen, E. B., Workgroup, V. M.-A. M., Wagner, H. R., Kimbrel, N. A., Brancu, M., Naylor, J. C., Graziano, R. C., & Crawford, E. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000490 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelates of Self-Reported Violent Ideation Against Physicians in Acute- and Chronic-Pain Patients
Fishbain, D. A., Bruns, D. L., Disorbio, J. M., & Lewis, J. E. (2009) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00606.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Duchnick, J. J., Ropacki, S., Yutsis, M. V., Petska, K. S., & Pawlowski, C. (2015) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000034 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gradus, J. L., Wisco, B. E., Luciano, M. T., Iverson, K. M., Marx, B. P., & Street, A. E. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chronic pain among veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom
Gironda, R. J., Clark, M. E., & Walker, R. (2005) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.01.307 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Holliday, R., Borges, L. M., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., Hoffberg, A. S., Brenner, L. A., & Monteith, L. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01998 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Weis, C. N., Webb, E. K., deRoon-Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.023 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Effect of Antidepressants on Depression After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-analysis
Kreitzer, N., Ancona, R., McCullumsmith, C., Kurowski, B. G., Foreman, B., Ngwenya, L. B., & Adeoye, O. (2019) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000439 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Dindo, L., Johnson, A. L., Lang, B., Rodrigues, M., Martin, L., & Jorge, R. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.105954 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“It may be that severity of the polytrauma clinical triad may warrant additional treatment time [33] [7].”
BackgroundLocci, A., & Pinna, G. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mobile Neurofeedback for Pain Management in Veterans with TBI and PTSD
Elbogen, E. B., Alsobrooks, A., Battles, S., Molloy, K., Dennis, P. A., Beckham, J. C., McLean, S. A., Keith, J. R., & Russoniello, C. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz269 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationReed, D. E., Fischer, I. C., Williams, R. M., Na, P. J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-08803-w · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kwon, C., & Lee, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1217299 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Murray, C. D., Havlin, H., & Molyneaux, V. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2182915 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vartiainen, P., Roine, R. P., Kalso, E. A., & Heiskanen, T. (2022) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1938 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effect of Altitude on Veteran Suicide Rates
Sabic, H., Kious, B. M., Boxer, D., Fitzgerald, C., Riley, C., Scholl, L. S., McGlade, E., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Renshaw, P. F., & Kondo, D. G. (2019) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2018.0130 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Prevalence of Polytrauma Clinical Triad Among Active Duty Service Members
Laughter, S., Khan, M., Banaag, A. L., Madsen, C., & Koehlmoos, T. P. (2021) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usab199 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Living with suicidality following traumatic brain injury: a qualitative study
Knight, E., Norman, A., & Simpson, G. K. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1763463 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Portnoy, G. A., Relyea, M., Presseau, C., Orazietti, S. A., Martino, S., Brandt, C., & Haskell, S. G. (2022) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000759 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cheng, Y.-S., Tseng, P.-T., Wu, Y.-C., Tu, Y.-K., Wu, C.-K., Hsu, C.-W., Lei, W.-T., Li, D.-J., Chen, T.-Y., Stubbs, B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.190122 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A test of the fear avoidance model to predict chronic pain outcomes in a polytrauma sample
McGeary, C. A., Nabity, P. S., Reed, D. E., Cobos, B. A., Eapen, B. C., Pugh, M. J., Jaramillo, C. A., Potter, J. S., Houle, T. T., Young‐McCaughan, S., et al. (2020) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-203084 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fox, A. M., LaCroix, J. M., Bond, A. E., Perera, K. U., Luk, J. W., Goldston, D. B., Weaver, J. J., Soumoff, A. A., & Ghahramanlou‐Holloway, M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113576 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vasiliadis, H., D’Aiuto, C., Lamoureux‐Lamarche, C., Pitrou, I., Guerra, S. G., & Berbiche, D. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1913478 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Klyce, D. W., West, S. J., Perrin, P. B., Agtarap, S., Finn, J. A., Juengst, S. B., Dams-O’Connor, K., Eagye, C. B., Vargas, T. A., Joyce, S. C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0200 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stayton, L. E., Martin, C. E., Pease, J. L., & Chard, K. M. (2019) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2019.1630230 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Suicide and suicidality in Australian Defence Force veterans: A systematic scoping review
Oltvolgyi, C. G., Meurk, C., & Heffernan, E. (2024) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674241246443 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
CRF serum levels differentiate PTSD from healthy controls and TBI in military veterans
Ramos‐Cejudo, J., Genfi, A., Amara, D. A., Debure, L., Qian, M., LASKA, E. M., Siegel, C., Milton, N., Newman, J., Blessing, E., et al. (2021) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20210017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ali, J., Davis, A. F., Burgess, D. J., Rhon, D. I., Vining, R. D., Young‐McCaughan, S., Green, S., & Kerns, R. D. (2021) · Learning Health Systems · doi:10.1002/lrh2.10291 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, S. J., Logsdon, A. F., Yagi, M., Baskin, B. M., Peskind, E. R., Raskind, M. M., Cook, D. G., & Schindler, A. G. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02643-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, S.-T., Hung, H.-Y., Ro, L., Liao, M., Amstislavskaya, T. G., Tikhonova, M. A., Yang, Y., & Lu, K. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13122169 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chebotaryova, L., Kovalenko, O., Solonovych, A. S., & Solonovych, O. S. (2023) · Family medicine European practices · doi:10.30841/2786-720x.2.2023.282496 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hogan, T. P., Etingen, B., McMahon, N., Bixler, F. R., Am, L., Wacks, R., Shimada, S. L., Reilly, E. D., Frisbee, K. L., & Smith, B. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/33716 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kovacevic, M., Montes, M., Tirone, V., Pridgen, S., Smith, D. L., Burns, J. W., & Held, P. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22979 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The impact of in-service physical injury or illness on the mental health of military veterans
Hynes, C., Scullion, L., Lawler, C., Steel, R., & Boland, P. (2021) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001759 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kinney, A. R., Stephenson, R. O., Cogan, A. M., Forster, J. E., Gerber, H. R., & Brenner, L. A. (2022) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2022.048561 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pardue-Bourgeois, S., Goldberg, S. B., Wyman, M. F., Abbas, M., Flynn, A. W. P., Domínguez, S., & Tucker, R. P. (2024) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2270667 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Complex pain phenotypes: Suicidal ideation and attempt through latent multimorbidity
Song, K., Brintz, B. J., Wang, C., McGeary, D. D., McGeary, C. A., Potter, J. S., Jaramillo, C. A., Eapen, B. C., & Pugh, M. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267844 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aaronson, A. L., Smith, B., Krese, K., Barnhart, M., Adamson, M., de Wit, H., Philip, N. S., Brenner, L. A., Bender-Pape, T., & Herrold, A. A. (2024) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20230044 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neurophysiological relationship of neuromuscular fatigue and stress disorder in PTSD patients
Sarabzadeh, M., Soleimanifar, M., & Helalizadeh, M. (2020) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.041 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Animal Model Approaches to Understanding the Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior
Romay-Tallón, R., & Pinna, G. (2022) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2083-0_6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Victimization Among Incarcerated Military Veterans: A Target Congruence Approach
Logan, M. W., & McNeeley, S. (2023) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/08874034231187303 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Motanis, H., Khorasani, L., Giza, C., & Harris, N. (2021) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2021.0044 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hale, W. J., Vacek, S., Crabtree, M. A., Grelle, K., Bryan, C. J., McGeary, D. D., & Kanzler, K. E. (2023) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnad042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bisson, E. J., Sawhney, M., Duggan, S., Good, M. A., & Wilson, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vowles, K. E., Robinson, M., & Armour, C. (2024) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637241291954 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lester, E. G., Wang, K. E., Blakeley, J. O., & Vranceanu, A. (2023) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000332 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hoffman, J. M., Ketchum, J. M., Agtarap, S., Dams-O’Connor, K., Hammond, F. M., Martin, A. M., Sevigny, M., Walker, W. C., Harrison-Felix, C. L., ZAFONTE, R. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000909 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kumar, R. G., Klyce, D. W., Nakase‐Richardson, R., Pugh, M. J., Walker, W. C., & Dams-O’Connor, K. (2022) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2022.0340 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Structural inequities in brain trauma outcome prevalences reported in the All of Us database
Wroblewski, T. H., Ononogbu-Uche, F. C., Jagtiani, P., Roberts, M.-C., Bigdeli, T. B., & Barthélemy, E. J. (2025) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaf030 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Serving Rural Veterans with Disabilities: A National Survey of Centers for Independent Living
Hale-Gallardo, J. L., Kreider, C. M., Ni, Y., Semeah, L. M., Ahonle, Z. J., Cowper-Ripley, D. C., Mburu, S., Delisle, A. T., & Jia, H. (2020) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-020-00941-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nakase‐Richardson, R., Haun, J. N., Moore, M., Bogner, J. A., Hoffman, J. M., Dams-O’Connor, K., Coulter, J., Kretzmer, T. S., Martin, A. M., & Silva, M. A. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/79738 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Boylan, L. E., Karmarkar, A. M., Malhotra, B., Kanani, C., Ketchum, J. M., Abassi, K., Agtarap, S., Martin, A. M., Dams-O’Connor, K., Walker, W. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001070 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Moceri‐Brooks, J., Garand, L., Sekula, L. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2178223 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Veterans and Medical Cannabis: A Perfect Federalism Storm
Mallinson, D. J., & Puello, F. (2023) · Public Administration Quarterly · doi:10.37808/paq.47.3.6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Buhler, J. N., Holens, P. L., & Sharpe, D. (2021) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2021.1982086 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Polytrauma Clinical Triad Among Women with a History of Intimate Partner Violence
Leong, S. E., Logan, T., Badour, C. L., & Karr, J. E. (2025) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2025.0064 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kittel, J. A., Schneider, A. L., Kolva, E., Monteith, L. L., & Hoffmire, C. A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119813 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy to prevent the onset of depression following traumatic brain injury
Fornaro, M., Trinchillo, A., Saccà, F., Iasevoli, F., Nolano, M., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1980537 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Other Psychiatric Disorders, Psychosocial Factors, Sleep, and Pain
Bair, M. J., & Owen‐Smith, A. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197675250.003.0006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Boggan, J. C., Allaudeen, N., Shaw, H., Cantrell, S. E., & Akwe, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.13586 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Blaney, C., Sommer, J. L., Bilevicius, E., Mota, N. P., & El-Gabalawy, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Suicidal Ideation Among Gulf War Era Veterans
Calhoun, E. M., Wiese, J. D., Meckes, S. J., Grove, J. L., Dillon, K. H., Pugh, M. J., Kimbrel, N. A., & Halverson, T. F. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251339062 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting Suicidality in Veterans/Service Members Over 5 Years After TBI: A VA Model Systems Study
Malhotra, B., Ketchum, J. M., Klyce, D. W., Finn, J. A., Fisher, L. B., Talley, K. G., Juengst, S. B., Pasipanodya, E. C., Niemeier, J. P., & Perrin, P. B. (2025) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.07.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bernanke, A., Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., & Bourassa, K. J. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116654 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGuidance for simultaneous treatment of chronic pain and PTSD: a Delphi study
Zaccari, B., Moonaz, S. H., Newell, S., Wu, T. Y., Evanisko, M., & Lovejoy, T. I. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-026-00654-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Miezah, D., Frimpong, A. B., Kwowuje, D. K., Akoto-Buabeng, W., Zutah, J., Abraham, S. A., Commey, I. T., & Sarfo, J. O. (2026) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-026-00491-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hepner, K. A., Sousa, J., Roth, C. P., Huilgol, S. S., Jean, C., Schulson, L., Gandhi, P., Malika, N. M., & Engel, C. C. (2023) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-11-01-03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Frost, M. C., Richards, J. A., Blosnich, J. R., Hawkins, E. J., Tsui, J. I., Edelman, E. J., & Williams, E. C. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109521 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Klyce, D. W., West, S. J., Perrin, P. B., Agtarap, S., Finn, J. A., Juengst, S. B., Dams-O’Connor, K., Eagye, C. B., Vargas, T. A., Chung, J. S., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xqubf
Studying classic psychedelics for the management of headache disorders: Considerations for Veterans
Schindler, E. A. D., & Sico, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0006
Veterans at High Risk for Post–COVID-19 Suicide Attempts or Other Self-Directed Violence
Bui, D. P., Niederhausen, M., Hickok, A. W., Govier, D. J., Rowneki, M., Naylor, J. C., Hawkins, E. J., Boyko, E. J., Iwashyna, T. J., Viglianti, E. M., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0061
Self-citationKnowledge, mechanisms, and intervention of the polytrauma clinical triad in military pain medicine
Liu, Q., Qiu, P., Ma, T., Zhao, Y., Fu, S., Gao, M., Feng, Z., & Feng, L. (2025) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.24425 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nakase‐Richardson, R., Haun, J. N., Moore, M., Bogner, J. A., Hoffman, J. M., Dams-O’Connor, K., Coulter, J., Kretzmer, T. S., Martin, A. M., & Silva, M. A. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.79738
Suicide-related outcomes in veterans with post-traumatic headache: a retrospective cohort study
Anthony, S. E., Phadke, M. A., Lipton, R. B., Rogers, D. G., Brenner, L. A., Ney, J. P., Altalib, H. H., Androulakis, X. M., Grinberg, A. S., Skanderson, M., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101299
Bozhuk, B. S., Маркова, М. В., Strelnykov, M. O., Lashko, O. M., Markov, A. R., Піонтковська, О. В., & Rybak, V. A. (2025) · Psychiatry Neurology and Medical Psychology · doi:10.26565/2312-5675-2025-31-01
Repetitive Blast Exposure Drives Chronic Pain in Female Rats
Wright, A., Murphy, S. F., & VandeVord, P. J. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.70103
Pavelich, A. R. (2026) · Human-Animal Interactions · doi:10.1079/hai.2026.0016
Suicide and Chronic Pain: Scoping Review with ☸SAIMSARA
SAIMSARA (2026) · SAIMSARA Journal · doi:10.62487/saimsara5e0bf3a7
Rauch, S. A. M., Yasinski, C. W., Mojallal, M., Woodbury, A., Black, K., Fuller, S., Boatright, J. H., Coulter, M. M., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Dunlop, B. W., et al. (2026) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usag220
Jarratt, C. J., Carlin, V. E., Ripley, G. H., Nam, J. K., Marfilius, K. J., & Ditre, J. W. (2026) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2026.2685519
Izadysadr, A., Bagherzadeh, H. S., Rowland, J., Martindale, S. L., Stapleton-Kotloski, J. R., & Godwin, D. W. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.05.26354915
Post-Service Identity Disruption and Suicide Risk in U.S. Military Veterans: A Conceptual Review
Santos, É. S. (2026) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v12i1.874
Effect of the polytrauma clinical triad on suicide risk among U.S. veterans and active-duty soldiers
Krauss, A., Wild, M. G., Mendoza, C., Creech, S. K., & Goodman, M. S. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117351
Yeterian, J. D., Relyea, M., Edmond, S. N., Haskell, S. G., & Portnoy, G. A. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01149-3
Krishnamurthy, L. C., Krishnamurthy, V., Pugh, M. J., Walker, W. C., & Lin, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1923368
Malhotra, B., Klyce, D. W., Juengst, S. B., Talley, K. G., Finn, J. A., & Perrin, P. B. (2026) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.70217
Cheatle, M. D., Lee, Y.-J., Zhu, J., Kass, G., & Rizvi, S. J. (2026) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2026.106445
Cohen, S. P., Smolynets, R., Wood, J., Singh, V., Gelfand, H. J., Park, E. J., Rodriguez, S. E., Harcum, S., Ermer, E., Dodd, L. D., et al. (2026) · Pain Management · doi:10.1080/17581869.2026.2738419
Gilmore, N. M., Miles, S. R., Sevigny, M., Klyce, D. W., Skop, K. M., Finn, J. A., Munger, E., Perrin, P. B., Ryan, J., Nakase‐Richardson, R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001207
- Authors
- Blakey, S. M., Wagner, H. R., Naylor, J., Brancu, M., Lane, I., Sallee, M., Kimbrel, N. A., & Elbogen, E. B.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Durham VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blakey, Shannon M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 797-806
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6026045
- OpenAlex
- W2791294482
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 8.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research
- Education and Clinical Center
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R34 AT008399-01)
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Career Development Award (1lK2RX000908)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, military veterans, pain interference, pain intensity, major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, suicide risk assessment, post-9/11 veterans
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Violence, Suicidal Ideation, Chronic Pain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
