Cited by 485Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Anxiety sensitivity: Prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology

Schmidt, Norman B., Zvolensky, Michael J., Maner, Jon K.·2006·Journal of Psychiatric Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.009

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Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests that anxiety sensitivity (AS) predicts subsequent development of anxiety symptoms and panic attacks. However, evidence regarding whether AS serves as a premorbid risk factor for the development of clinical syndromes is lacking. The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether AS acts as a vulnerability factor in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diagnoses. A large nonclinical sample of young adults (N=404) was prospectively followed over two years. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI: Reiss S, Peterson RA, Gursky DM, McNally RJ. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986; 24: 1-8.) and trait anxiety served as predictors. Consistent with prior reports, AS predicted the development of spontaneous panic attacks in those with no history of panic. Importantly, AS was found to predict the incidence of anxiety disorder diagnoses and overall Axis I diagnoses in those with no history of Axis I diagnoses at study entry. These are the first data to provide strong prospective evidence for AS as a risk factor in the development of anxiety disorders.

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“Discomfort intolerance encompasses the experience of both physically painful and uncomfortable sensations, and thus represents a broader concept than pain tolerance (Schmidt et al., 2006a).”
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Is computerized psychoeducation sufficient to reduce anxiety sensitivity in an at-risk sample?: A randomized trial
Norr, A. M., Gibby, B. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.032 · Cited by 32
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Effects of tryptophan depletion on anxiety, a systematic review
Schopman, S. M. E., Bosman, R. C., Muntingh, A., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Batelaan, N. M. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01219-8 · Cited by 26
A Neural Substrate for Behavioral Inhibition in the Risk for Major Depressive Disorder
Bellgowan, J. F., Molfese, P. J., Marx, M., Thomason, M. E., Glen, D., Santiago, J., Gotlib, I. H., Drevets, W. C., & Hamilton, J. P. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.08.001 · Cited by 26
Examining the unique relations between anxiety sensitivity factors and suicidal ideation and past suicide attempts
Allan, N. P., Norr, A. M., Boffa, J. W., Durmaz, D. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.066 · Cited by 24
“(Schmidt et al., 2006; Olatunji and Wolitzky-Taylor, 2009), and”
The role of anxiety sensitivity in reactivity to trauma cues in treatment-seeking adults with substance use disorders
McHugh, R. K., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.07.011 · Cited by 24
“However, findings that anxiety sensitivity predicts the onset of anxiety disorders [21, 22] and PTSD symptoms [23-25], and is relatively stable over time [78, 79] somewhat mitigate this”
Background
Anxiety Sensitivity: An Examination of the Relationship With Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive Parental Styles
Timpano, K. R., Carbonella, J. Y., Keough, M. E., Abramowitz, J. S., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.2.95 · Cited by 24
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Adapting the personality‐targeted P reventure program to prevent substance use and associated harms among high‐risk A ustralian adolescents
Barrett, E. L., Newton, N. C., Teesson, M., Slade, T. N., & Conrod, P. (2013) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12114 · Cited by 25
“AS, on the other hand, is associated with increased levels of drinking in adolescence, motivations to drink to reduce anxiety and the development of panicrelated disorders in adulthood.(25,28,29) The two externalizing profiles, IMP and SS, have been shown to be linked to antisocial and risk-taking behaviours.”
Background
Does anxiety sensitivity correlate with startle habituation? An examination in two independent samples
Campbell, M. L., Gorka, S. M., McGowan, S. K., Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Katz, A. C., Robison-Andrew, E. J., & Shankman, S. A. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.799062 · Cited by 25
“…(1992) found that AS levels were highest in those with PD. Notably, two prior investigations demonstrated that AS longitudinally predicted the onset of spontaneous panic attacks in non-clinical samples, even when controlling for trait anxiety (Schmidt, Lerew, & Jackson, 1999; Schmidt et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResult
Anxiety Sensitivity Moderates the Relation Between Family Accommodation and Anxiety Symptom Severity in Clinically Anxious Children
Schleider, J. L., Lebowitz, E. R., & Silverman, W. K. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0740-1 · Cited by 23
“Two, because AS tends to predate anxiety disorder onset [21], parents of high-AS children may be accustomed to their child’s behavioral avoidance or signs of distress when the anxiety disorder onsets.”
Background
Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of association between smoking status and panic-related processes in a representative sample of adults
Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Schmidt, N. B., & Antipova, A. V. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.09.012 · Cited by 23
Temporal and structural dynamics of anxiety sensitivity in predicting fearful responding to a 35% CO2 challenge
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“Furthermore, there is some evidence from prospective longitudinal studies for anxiety sensitivity to be a risk factor for the onset of panic attacks and for anxiety disorders in general.([17,22,25]) However, no studies to date have evaluated the role of fear of fear in predicting the onset of panic disorder/agoraphobi…”
Background
Unscrambling the Dynamics of Danger: Scientific Foundations and Evidence for the Looming Vulnerability Model and Looming Cognitive Style in Anxiety
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“…et al, 2006; Butler & Matthews, 1983; MacLeod & Byrne, 1996; Miranda et al., 2008; Roepke & Seligman, 2015, as well as anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty (Lilienfeld & Penna, 2001; Naragon-Gainey, 2010; Reardon & Williams, 2007; Schmidt et al., 2006) are also linked to depression.”
The effect of panic disorder versus anxiety sensitivity on event-related potentials during anticipation of threat
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“AS has been found to predict panic attacks and panic disorder above and beyond relevant factors such as trait anxiety (Schmidt et al., 1997, 1999, 2006).”
Background
Laboratory test of a novel structural model of anxiety sensitivity and panic vulnerability.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2009) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.05.001 · Cited by 24
Interpretation bias for uncertain threat: A replication and extension
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Synergistic effects of pain intensity and anxiety sensitivity in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders among economically disadvantaged latinos in a community-based primary care setting
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A single bout of either sprint interval training or moderate intensity continuous training reduces anxiety sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial
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Examining the Hierarchical Influences of the Big-Five Dimensions and Anxiety Sensitivity on Anxiety Symptoms in Children
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“Prospective studies indicated that AS constitutes a predictor of the future occurrence of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders (Schmidt et al., 1997, 1999; Hayward et al., 2000; Schmidt et al., 2006).”
Background
Anxiety Sensitivity and Negative Interpretation Biases: Their Shared and Unique Associations with Anxiety Symptoms
Olthuis, J. V., Stewart, S. H., Watt, M. C., Sabourin, B. C., & Keogh, E. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9286-5 · Cited by 21
“, a trait-like variable), AS has been implicated in many anxiety disorders, including PD, GAD, social phobia, and hypochondriasis (e.g., Naragon-Gainey 2010; Norton and Asmundson 2004; Schmidt et al. 2006).”
Background
Sex differences in panic-relevant responding to a 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air biological challenge
Nillni, Y. I., Berenz, E. C., Rohan, K. J., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.008 · Cited by 21
Anxiety sensitivity in relation to quit day dropout among adult daily smokers recruited to participate in a self-guided cessation attempt
Langdon, K. J., Farris, S. G., Hogan, J., Grover, K. W., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.017 · Cited by 22
Experiential, autonomic, and respiratory correlates of CO2 reactivity in individuals with high and low anxiety sensitivity
Jens Blechert, A., Wilhelm, F. H., Meuret, A. E., Wilhelm, E. M., & Roth, W. T. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.010 · Cited by 21
“Longitudinal studies support the role of AS as a precursor of panic attacks and a diagnosis of PD but also of other anxiety disorders (Hayward et al., 2000; Schmidt et al., 2006).”
Trajectory of change in anxiety sensitivity in relation to anxiety, depression, and quality of life among persons living with HIV/AIDS following transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy
Paulus, D. J., Brandt, C. P., Lemaire, C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2019.1621929 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Identifying target groups for the prevention of anxiety disorders in the general population
Batelaan, N. M., Smit, F., De Graaf, R., Van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Vollebergh, W. A. M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01488.x · Cited by 27
“For example, anxiety sensitivity has not been assessed in NEMESIS, yet appears to be of importance in the development of anxiety disorders (53).”
Background
The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity and Mindful Attention in Anxiety and Worry About Bodily Sensations Among Adults Living With HIV/AIDS
Gonzalez, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Grover, K. W., & Parent, J. M. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.04.001 · Cited by 20
The effects of the catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism on white matter connectivity in patients with panic disorder.
Kim, B., Yoo, E., Lee, J.-Y., Lee, K.-S., Choe, A. Y., Lee, J. E., Kwack, K., Yook, K., Choi, T., & Lee, S.-H. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.009 · Cited by 18
“Moreover, anxiety sensitivity has been regarded as a trait-like characteristic that predisposes individuals to the development of anxiety disorders (Schmidt et al., 2006).”
Background
Changes in Internalizing Symptoms and Anxiety Sensitivity Among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
McLeish, A. C., Walker, K. L., & Hart, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09990-8 · Cited by 20
Anxiety sensitivity profile: predictive and incremental validity.
Schmidt, N. B., Keough, M., Timpano, K., & Richey, J. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.12.003 · Cited by 22
Anxiety sensitivity prospectively predicts pandemic-related distress
Schmidt, N. B., Morabito, D. M., Mathes, B. M., & Martin, A. D. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.124 · Cited by 19
“Together, these subfactors combine to represent one of the most well studied risk factors in the development of anxiety and mood pathology (Naragon-Gainey, 2010; Olatunji and Wolitzky-Taylor, 2009; Schmidt et al., 2006).”
Background
Dimensional structure of bodily panic attack symptoms and their specific connections to panic cognitions, anxiety sensitivity and claustrophobic fears
Drenckhan, I., Glöckner-Rist, A., Rist, F., Richter, J., Gloster, A. T., Fehm, L., Lang�, T., Alpers, G. W., Hamm, A. O., Fydrich, T., et al. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002803 · Cited by 19
“2009) and the risk of developing panic attacks (Zinbarg et al. 2001; Schmidt et al. 2006).”
Background
Interactive Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity and Subjective Social Status on Psychological Symptomatology in Black Adults
Reitzel, L. R., Childress, S. D., Obasi, E. M., Garey, L., Vidrine, D. J., McNeill, L. H., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2016.1150805 · Cited by 19
Cardiorespiratory concerns shape brain responses during automatic panic-related scene processing in patients with panic disorder
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Anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias to threat interact to prospectively predict anxiety
Bardeen, J. R., & Daniel, T. A. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1466911 · Cited by 20
Neuroticism, Anxiety Sensitivity Thoughts, and Anxiety Symptomatology: Insights from an Experience-Sampling Approach
Hong, R. Y. S. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9231-4 · Cited by 19
“In addition, consistent with previous studies ( Schmidt et al. 2006; Taylor 1995), the present data do not support Lilienfeld et al.’s (1993, 1996) hypothesis that anxiety may be most amplified among high trait anxiety individuals who also possess high AS beliefs.”
BackgroundResult
Interactive Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity and Emotion Regulation on Anxiety Symptoms
Allan, N. P., Norr, A. M., Macatee, R. J., Gajewska, A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9484-z · Cited by 19
“Further, AS prospectively predicts the development of spontaneous panic attacks as well as anxiety disorders (Schmidt et al. 1997; Schmidt et al. 2006), which clearly highlights the importance of AS in the etiology of anxiety pathology.”
Background
Social anxiety symptoms uniquely predict fear responding to 35% CO2 challenge
Schmidt, N. B., & Richey, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.010 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, AS has been associated with the development of Axis I anxiety disorders (Schmidt et al., 2006), thereby indicating that AS is a (future) predictor of panic-related problems across time.”
Background
Reciprocal links between anxiety sensitivity and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in youth: a longitudinal twin study
Krebs, G., Hannigan, L. J., Gregory, A. M., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Eley, T. C. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13183 · Cited by 20
Anxiety Sensitivity and Quality of Life in Patients with Acne
Acer, E., Altınöz, A. E., Erdoğan, H. K., Ağaoğlu, E., Çanakçı, N. Y., & Saraçoğlu, Z. N. (2019) · Annals of Dermatology · doi:10.5021/ad.2019.31.4.372 · Cited by 18
Factor mixture model of anxiety sensitivity and anxiety psychopathology vulnerability.
Bernstein, A., Stickle, T. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.024 · Cited by 19
Anxiety Sensitivity in Bereaved Adults With and Without Complicated Grief
Robinaugh, D. J., McNally, R. J., LeBlanc, N. J., Pentel, K. Z., Schwarz, N. R., Shah, R. M., Nadal-Vicens, M. F., Moore, C., Marques, L. M., Bui, É., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000171 · Cited by 18
“Not only is elevated AS strongly associated with panic disorder (McNally, 2002), it also prospectively predicts the onset of spontaneous panic attacks (Schmidt et al., 1999) and anxiety disorders in general (Maller and Reiss, 1992; Schmidt et al., 2006).”
Internal focus of attention in anxiety-sensitive females up-regulates amygdale activity: an fMRI study
Pfleiderer, B., Berse, T., Stroux, D., Ewert, A., Konrad, C., & Gerlach, A. L. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1248-5 · Cited by 20
“both panic symptoms and panic disorders (Ehlers and Breuer 1992; Schmidt et al. 2006; Stewart et al. 2001).”
Background
Neural correlates of individual differences in anxiety sensitivity: an fMRI study using semantic priming
Yang, Y., Lueken, U., Wittmann, A., Holtz, K., Kleint, N. I., Herrmann, M. J., Saß, K., Jansen, A., Konrad, C., Ströhle, A., et al. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw024 · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, the level of AS predicts the development of spontaneous panic attacks (Schmidt et al., 1999; Plehn and Peterson, 2002; Schmidt et al., 2006).”
Background
Pre-deployment trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance predict war-zone stress-evoked psychopathology
Cobb, A. R., Lancaster, C. L., Meyer, E. C., Lee, H., & Telch, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.05.002 · Cited by 20
Neuropeptide S Receptor Gene Variation Differentially Modulates Fronto-Limbic Effective Connectivity in Childhood and Adolescence
Domschke, K., Akhrif, A., Romanos, M., Bajer, C., Mainusch, M., Winkelmann, J., Zimmer, C., & Neufang, S. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv259 · Cited by 17
Acculturative stress and mental health among economically disadvantaged Spanish-speaking Latinos in primary care: The role of anxiety sensitivity
Bakhshaie, J., Candelari, A. E., Viana, A. G., Garza, M. J., Valdivieso, J., Ochoa‐Perez, M., Lemaire, C. M., Cardoso, J. B., Rogers, A. H., Mayorga, N. A., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.009 · Cited by 22
Common genetic architecture and environmental risk factors underpin the anxiety‐disordered eating relationship: Findings from an adolescent twin cohort
Fairweather‐Schmidt, A. K., & Wade, T. D. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23155 · Cited by 18
The Influence of Hurricane Exposure and Anxiety Sensitivity on Panic Symptoms
Hensley-Maloney, L., & Varela, R. E. (2009) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-009-9072-z · Cited by 17
“Longitudinal research indicates that anxiety sensitivity uniquely increases the likelihood that panic symptoms will develop in those with no history of panic (e.g., Schmidt et al. 2006 ) and that panic experiences are not a consistent predictor of subsequent anxiety sensitivity scores in youth, when pre-panic anxiety…”
Background
Hypersensitivity to 35% carbon dioxide in patients with adult separation anxiety disorder
Atlı, Ö., Bayın, M., & Alkın, T. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.032 · Cited by 17
“The available literature suggests that both responses to CO2 challenge and PD can be predicted by AS (Schmidt and Zvolensky, 2007; Schmidt et al., 2006).”
Background
Neuropeptide S receptor gene variation and neural correlates of cognitive emotion regulation
Guhn, A., Domschke, K., Müller, L. D., Dresler, T., Eff, F., Kopf, J., Deckert, J., Reif, A., & Herrmann, M. J. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv061 · Cited by 17
“predictive of anxiety disorders especially panic disorder (Schmidt et al. 1997; Schmidt et al. 1999; Schmidt et al. 2006).”
The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity in the Relation Between Trait Worry and Smoking Behavior
Olvera, H., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Jardin, C., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2014) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu233 · Cited by 17
Indirect Associations of Anxiety Sensitivity with Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drug Use Problems Through Emotional Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents
Guillot, C. R., Blackledge, S. M., Douglas, M. E., Cloutier, R. M., Liautaud, M. M., Pang, R. D., Kirkpatrick, M. G., & Leventhal, A. M. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1573797 · Cited by 20
The Interactive Role of Anxiety Sensitivity and Pubertal Status in Predicting Anxious Responding to Bodily Sensations among Adolescents
Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Reardon, L. E., McKee, L. G., Feldner, M. T., Babson, K. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9079-y · Cited by 20
“For instance, among non-clinical adults with no history of panic, AS scores in the upper half of the sample distribution were associated with a two-fold increase in the likelihood of developing panic attacks, even after controlling for trait anxiety ( Schmidt, Zvolensky, & Maner, 2006 ).”
Background
Trait emotional intelligence, anxiety sensitivity, and experiential avoidance in stress reactivity and their improvement through psychological methods
Choi, K., Vickers, K., & Tassone, A. (2014) · Europe's Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v10i2.754 · Cited by 16
Can psychological interventions prevent or reduce risk for perinatal anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zimmermann, M., Julce, C., Sarkar, P. R., McNicholas, E., Xu, W., Carr, C., Boudreaux, E. D., Lemon, S. C., & Byatt, N. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.08.005 · Cited by 17
Cognitive Bias Modification to Enhance Resilience to a Panic Challenge
Beadel, J. R., Mathews, A., & Teachman, B. A. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9791-z · Cited by 16
“Also consistent with hypotheses, the results suggest that CBM-I was more effective than the sham condition in reducing panic vulnerability, based on the greater reduction in anxiety sensitivity, which is a leading vulnerability factor for the development of panic disorder (Reiss 1991; Schmidt et al. 2006).”
Result
The effects of childhood maltreatment and anxiety proneness on neuropsychological test performance in non-clinical older adolescents
Martin, L. I., Kidd, M., & Seedat, S. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.009 · Cited by 18
Predicting anxious response to a social challenge and hyperventilation: Comparison of the ASI and ASI-3
Carter, M. M., Sbrocco, T., & Ayati, F. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.05.001 · Cited by 15
Physical Exercise as Interoceptive Exposure Within a Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety-Sensitive Women
Sabourin, B. C., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, S., Watt, M. C., Wald, J., & Grant, V. V. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.303 · Cited by 16
Startle response and anxiety sensitivity: Subcortical indices of physiologic arousal and fear responding.
McMillan, K. A., Asmundson, G. J. G., Zvolensky, M. J., & Carleton, R. N. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0029108 · Cited by 16
Predicting the consequences of physical activity: An investigation into the relationship between anxiety sensitivity, interoceptive accuracy and action
Tabor, A., Vollaard, N. B. J., Keogh, E., & Eccleston, C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210853 · Cited by 16
Factor mixture modeling of intolerance of uncertainty.
Oglesby, M. E., Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000357 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
The Role of Early Experience and Cognitive Vulnerability: Presenting a Unified Model of the Etiology of Panic
McGinn, L. K., Nooner, K. B., Cohen, J., & Leaberry, K. D. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9673-9 · Cited by 15
Symptoms of swallowing anxiety in panic disorder patients and associated psychopathologic factors
Budak, E., Taymur, İ., Önen, S., Kanat, B. B., Akdeniz, Ö., & Demirci, H. (2017) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-017-0367-z · Cited by 15
Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization
Baumann, C. R., Schiele, M. A., Herrmann, M. J., Lonsdorf, T. B., Zwanzger, P., Domschke, K., Reif, A., Deckert, J., & Pauli, P. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000304 · Cited by 15
Interplay between COMT Val158Met, childhood adversities and sex in predicting panic pathology: Findings from a general population sample
Asselmann, E., Hertel, J., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Schmidt, C. O., Homuth, G., Nauck, M. A., Grabe, H. J., & Pané‐Farré, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.060 · Cited by 15
“(2013) demonstrated that childhood adversities were more strongly associated with anxiety sensitivity (an endophenotype closely related to panic pathology (McNally, 2002; Schmidt et al., 2006)) in carriers of the Met/Met vs.”
Background
Distress Tolerance as Risk and Maintenance Factor for PTSD: Empirical and Clinical Implications
Vujanovic, A. A., Litz, B. T., & Farris, S. G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_66-1 · Cited by 15
Anxiety Sensitivity as a Moderator of the Association between Smoking Rate and Panic‐Relevant Symptoms among a Community Sample of Middle‐aged Adult Daily Smokers
McLeish, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Ben, K. S. D., & Burke, R. S. (2009) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490802408985 · Cited by 15
Influence of vulnerability factors in panic disorder severity
Osma, J., Barrada, J. R., García‐Palacios, A., & Arbona, C. B. (2016) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.223 · Cited by 17
“Regarding anxiety sensitivity, as Schmidt, Zvolensky, and Manera (2006) concluded, it is related to panic severity and psychopathology.”
Background
Evaluation of Anxiety Sensitivity among Daily Adult Smokers using Item Response Theory Analysis
Zvolensky, M. J., Strong, D., Bernstein, A., Vujanovic, A. A., & Marshall, E. C. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.005 · Cited by 12
Relationship of affect intolerance with anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in youth
Shaw, A. M., Halliday, E. R., Tonarely, N. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.048 · Cited by 14
Detecting Anxiety via Machine Learning Algorithms: A Literature Review
Najaran, M. H. T., & Shahid, S. I. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tetci.2025.3543307 · Cited by 16
“…in people, such as insomnia [241], stress degree of fatigue [242], way of coping situations [243], pessimism, loss of pleasure, personality traits [244]early-life anx-ious temperament [245], self-dislike, panic [246], etc. (for a more comprehensive list of these features please see Table II in…”
Developing personas to inform the design of digital interventions for perinatal mental health
Zimmermann, M., Yonkers, K. A., Tabb, K. M., Schaefer, A. J., Peacock‐Chambers, E., Clare, C. A., Boudreaux, E. D., Lemon, S. C., Byatt, N., & Tulu, B. (2024) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooae112 · Cited by 16
Cognitive vulnerabilities in parents as a potential risk factor for anxiety symptoms in young adult offspring: An exploration of looming cognitive style
Riskind, J. H., Sica, C., Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., & Kashdan, T. B. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.010 · Cited by 15
“Anxiety sensitivity is thought to play a central role in the onset and maintenance of several anxiety disorders (e.g., Bernstein & Zvolensky, 2007; Li & Zinbarg, 2007; Reiss, 1991; Schmidt et al., 2006; Taylor, 1999).”
Background
Ethnoracial differences in anxiety sensitivity: Examining the validity of competing anxiety sensitivity index subscales
Hunter, L. R., Keough, M. E., Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.004 · Cited by 14
Characteristics of initial fearful spells and their associations with DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in adolescents and young adults from the community
Asselmann, E., Pané‐Farré, C. A., Isensee, B., Wïttchen, H., Lieb, R., Höfler, M., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.045 · Cited by 14
“anxiety sensitivity, negative affectivity, neuroticism, and behavioral inhibition) to predispose for PA and/or PD (Beesdo et al., 2010; Hayward et al., 2000; Schmidt et al., 1997; Schmidt et al., 1999; Schmidt et al., 2006; Watanabe et al., 2005).”
Background
Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the association between smoking status and anxiety symptoms and bodily vigilance: Replication and extension in a young adult sample
McLeish, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Yartz, A. R., & Leyro, T. M. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.018 · Cited by 14
“This perspective has been empirically supported through both prospective (Li & Zinbarg, 2007; Maller & Reiss, 1992; Schmidt, Lerew, & Jackson, 1997, 1999; Schmidt, Zvolensky, & Maner, 2006 ) and cross-sectional laboratory work (Brown, Smits, Powers, & Telch, 2003; Carter, Suchday, & Gore, 2001; Rapee & Medoro, 1994; Z…”
Examining experiential avoidance as a mediator of the relation between anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms
Stein, A. T., Medina, J. L., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M. W., & Smits, J. A. J. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1546768 · Cited by 14
Predictors and Moderators of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: An Investigation of Anxiety Sensitivity and Resilience in Individuals with Chronic Pain
Lies, J., Lau, S. T., Jones, L. E., Jensen, M. P., & Tan, G. (2017) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v46n3p102 · Cited by 14
Generalization of Conditioned Contextual Anxiety and the Modulatory Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity
Andreatta, M., Neueder, D., Hutterer, K., Genheimer, H., Schiele, M. A., Deckert, J., Domschke, K., Reif, A., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2020) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-020-00831-8 · Cited by 14
Grief-related panic symptoms in Complicated Grief
Bui, É., Horenstein, A., Shah, R. M., Skritskaya, N. A., Mauro, C., Wang, Y., Duan, N., Reynolds, C. F., Zisook, S., Shear, M. K., et al. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.028 · Cited by 18
“Anxiety sensitivity has been consistently shown to predict panic attacks prospectively (Schmidt et al., 2006), and our report of frequent GRP among individuals with CG also aligns with previously reported elevated anxiety sensitivity in CG (Robinaugh et al.”
Exercise and Anxiety
Crombie, K. M., & O’Connor, P. J. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_498 · Cited by 17
Looming Cognitive Style More Consistently Predicts Anxiety than Depressive Symptoms: Evidence from a 3-Wave Yearlong Study
Riskind, J. H., Sica, C., Caudek, C., Bottesi, G., Disabato, D. J., & Ghisi, M. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10189-y · Cited by 13
Anxiety sensitivity and impairment: Evidence for a direct association and partial mediation by subclinical anxiety symptoms
Korte, K. J., Brown, M. A. S., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.026 · Cited by 16
Premenstrual distress predicts panic-relevant responding to a CO2 challenge among young adult females
Nillni, Y. I., Rohan, K. J., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.02.006 · Cited by 13
Gender differences in the relation between the late positive potential in response to anxiety sensitivity images and self-reported anxiety sensitivity.
Allan, N. P., Judah, M. R., Albanese, B. J., Macatee, R. J., Sutton, C. A., Bachman, M. D., Bernat, E. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000420 · Cited by 15
The Differential Role of Anxiety Sensitivity and its Components in the Relation between Emotional Nonacceptance and Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Disorders among Latinos in Primary Care
Bakhshaie, J., Paulus, D. J., Medvedeva, A., Otal, T. K., Lemaire, C. M., Garza, M. J., Ochoa‐Perez, M., Valdivieso, J., Bogiaizian, D., Viana, A. G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9592-z · Cited by 12
Psychological Correlates of Health anxiety in Response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Cross-Sectional Online Study in Iran
shabani, M. J., Mohsenabadi, H., Gharraee, B., Shayanfar, F., Corcoran, V. P., & McKay, D. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00152-y · Cited by 15

Authors: Schmidt, N. B., Zvolensky, M. J., & Maner, J. K.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
University of Vermont (US)
Corresponding author: Schmidt, Norman B.
ORCID: Schmidt, Norman B.
Zvolensky, Michael J.
Maner, Jon K.
Venue: Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 40
Issue: 8
Pages: 691-699
ISSN: 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.009
OpenAlex: W2061810459
Cited by: 485
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 35.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r21da016227-02, 5r01da018734-03, 1r03mh072848-01a1)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH62056, MH72848, R21MH062056)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (1R21 DA 016227-01, 1R01 DA 018734-01A1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: anxiety sensitivity, panic attacks, anxiety disorders, Axis I diagnoses, premorbid risk factors, vulnerability factors, trait anxiety, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, young adults, prospective prediction
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Incidence, Panic Disorder

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Anxiety sensitivity: Prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology

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