Psychometrics of a brief measure of anxiety to detect severity and impairment: The overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS)

Norman, Sonya B.; Campbell-Sills, Laura; Hitchcock, Carla A.; Sullivan, Sarah; Rochlin, Alexis; Wilkins, Kendall C.; Stein, Murray B.

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.011

Cited by 140Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

Psychometrics of a brief measure of anxiety to detect severity and impairment: The overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS)

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Norman, Sonya B., Campbell-Sills, Laura, Hitchcock, Carla A., Sullivan, Sarah, Rochlin, Alexis, Wilkins, Kendall C., Stein, Murray B.·2011·Journal of Psychiatric Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.011PMC PMC2970755

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Abstract

Brief measures of anxiety-related severity and impairment that can be used across anxiety disorders and with subsyndromal anxiety are lacking. The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) have shown strong psychometric properties with college students and primary care patients. This study examines sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of an abbreviated version of the OASIS that takes only 2-3 min to complete using a non-clinical (college student) sample. 48 participants completed the OASIS and SCID for anxiety disorders, 21 had a diagnosis of ≥1 anxiety disorder, and 4 additional participants had a subthreshold diagnosis. A cut-score of 8 best discriminated those with anxiety disorders from those without, successfully classifying 78% of the sample with 69% sensitivity and 74% specificity. Results from a larger sample (n = 171) showed a single factor structure and excellent convergent and divergent validity. The availability of cut-scores for a non-clinical sample furthers the utility of this measure for settings where screening or brief assessment of anxiety is needed.

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The OASIS has demonstrated strong psychometric properties with good internal consistency (alpha = 0.80), test-retest reliability (K = 0.82), and convergent validity.
“The OASIS has demonstrated strong psychometric properties with good internal consistency (alpha = 0.80), test-retest reliability (K = 0.82), and convergent validity [70–72].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
Results §3.1 reports good internal consistency, but its Cronbach’s alpha is .89, not .80. Results §3.4 supports convergent validity. The Introduction describes excellent OASIS test–retest reliability in an earlier study, but this paper does not give the cited K = .82 value. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Taylor, C. T., Pearlstein, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.041 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Anxiety symptoms in a major mood and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Karpov, B., Joffe, G., Aaltonen, K. I., Suvisaari, J., Baryshnikov, I., Näätänen, P., Koivisto, M., Melartin, T. K., Oksanen, J., Suominen, K. H., et al. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.04.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In addition to frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms and avoidance due to these symptoms, the OASIS also captures anxiety-related functional and behavioral impairment [51].”
Background
Mental Health Differences Between Older and Younger Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Veterans: Evidence of Resilience
Cortes, J., Fletcher, T. L., Latini, D. M., & Kauth, M. R. (2018) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2018.1523264 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although the psychometric properties of the OASIS have not been assessed in older adult samples, the measure has performed well in identifying anxiety severity in primary care and non-clinical samples (Norman et al., 2011).”
Method
Advancing Personalized Medicine: Application of a Novel Statistical Method to Identify Treatment Moderators in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management Study
Niles, A. N., Guinyard, A. G. L., Krull, J. L., Roy‐Byrne, P., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C. D., Bystritsky, A., & Craske, M. G. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.02.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…Interview; MINI) (Lecrubier et al., 1997) administered by an Anxiety Clinical Specialist; and received a score of at least 8 (indicating moderate and clinically significant anxiety symptoms on a scale from 0–20) on the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (Norman et al., 2011).”
MethodInfluential
Capturing the severity and impairment associated with depression: the overall depression severity and impairment scale (ODSIS) validation in a Spanish clinical sample
Mira, A., González-Robles, A., Molinari, G., Miguel, C., Díaz-García, A., Bretón-López, J., García-Palacios, A., Quero, S., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00180 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Maternal prenatal anxiety trajectories and infant developmental outcomes in one-year-old offspring
Irwin, J. L., Davis, E. P., Hobel, C. J., Coussons‐Read, M. E., & Schetter, C. D. (2020) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101468 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Psychometrics of the overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS) in a sample of women with and without trauma histories
Norman, S. B., Allard, C. B., Trim, R. S., Thorp, S. R., Behrooznia, M., Masino, T. T., & Stein, M. B. (2013) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-012-0325-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“We used measures consistent with other studies on the OASIS assessing psychometrics for general anxiety screening (e.g., CampbellSills et al. 2009; Norman et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Distress tolerance as a mechanism of mindfulness for depression and anxiety: Cross-sectional and diary evidence
Li, Y., Ju, R., Hofmann, S. G., Chiu, W., Ye, G., Leng, Y., & Liu, X. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100392 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Anxiety Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS; Norman et al., 2011) was used to measure anxiety.”
MethodInfluential
Post-traumatic stress disorder as a moderator of transdiagnostic, residential eating disorder treatment outcome trajectory
Scharff, A., Ortiz, S. N., Forrest, L. N., Smith, A. R., & Boswell, J. F. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23106 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Abbreviated Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) and the Abbreviated Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS): Psychometric Properties and Evaluation of the Czech Versions
Sandora, J., Novák, L., Brnka, R., van Dijk, J. P., Tavel, P., & Maliňáková, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910337 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The cut-off score for the original language version of the OASIS was identified in different settings to be ≥8 [13,22,23], correctly identifying individuals with an anxiety disorder.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Efficacy of a Transdiagnostic internet-based treatment for emotional disorders with a specific component to address positive affect: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Fernández-Álvarez, J., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1297-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Abbreviations ADNOS: Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified; AES: Advanced Encryption Standard; AG: Agoraphobia; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; BL: Baseline; CBT: Cognitive Behavior Therapy; CONSORT: Consolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials; DD: Dyst…”
BackgroundInfluential
A Dutch version of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS): Psychometric properties and validation.
Hermans, M., Korrelboom, K., & Visser, S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.033 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
TRAJECTORIES OF CHANGE IN ANXIETY SEVERITY AND IMPAIRMENT DURING AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT FOR MULTIPLE ANXIETY DISORDERS IN PRIMARY CARE
Joesch, J. M., Golinelli, D., Sherbourne, C. D., Sullivan, G., Stein, M. B., Craske, M. G., & Roy‐Byrne, P. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22149 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Suicidal ideation in primary care patients suffering from panic disorder with or without agoraphobia
the Jena Paradies Study Group, Teismann, T., Lukaschek, K., Hiller, T. S., Breitbart, J., Brettschneider, C., Schumacher, U., Margraf, J., & Gensichen, J. S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1894-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prognostic factors in major depressive disorder: comparing responders and non‐responders to Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( rTMS ), a naturalistic retrospective chart review
Aoun, M. A., Meek, B. P., Clair, L., Wikstrom, S., Prasad, B., & Modirrousta, M. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13488 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Meanwhile the BSI-A asks exclusively about cognitive and affective symptoms.(46) It is also possible that our patients had on average lower anxiety symptoms than those in the previous study as only patients on a low dose of benzodiazepines passed our selection criteria; as a result, any possible association between ba…”
Result
Web-based interpretation bias training to reduce anxiety: A sequential, multiple-assignment randomized trial.
Eberle, J. W., Daniel, K. E., Baee, S., Silverman, A. L., Lewis, E., Baglione, A. N., Werntz, A. J., French, N. J., Ji, J. L., Hohensee, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000896 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Longitudinal Network Stability of the Functional Impairment of Anxiety and Depression
Curtiss, J. E., Ito, M., Takebayashi, Y., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617745640 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Prior research has demonstrated that the OASIS evidenced good reliability and validity in nonclinical (Norman et al., 2011) and clinical (Campbell-Sills et al.”
Six Month Trajectories of COVID-19 Experiences and Associated Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Impairment in American Adults
Gallagher, M., Smith, L. J., Richardson, A., & Long, L. J. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10277-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Past psychometric work using receiver operating characteristic curves have demonstrated that cutoffs of ≥ 8 for the ODSIS provide good sensitivity and specificity for identifying clinically significant levels of depression (Bentley et al., 2014; Campbell-Sills et al., 2009; Norman et al., 2011).”
Method
Individual differences in spontaneous self-affirmation and mental health: relationships with self-esteem, dispositional optimism and coping
Harris, P., Richards, A., & Bond, R. A. (2022) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2022.2099455 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The short version of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS; Norman et al., 2011; α = .91) was used to measure anxiety during the previous week (5 items, e.g., “In the past week, how often have you felt anxious?”).”
Method
Evaluation of a practice team-supported exposure training for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in primary care - study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled superiority trial
Gensichen, J. S., Hiller, T. S., Breitbart, J., Teismann, T., Brettschneider, C., Schumacher, U., Piwtorak, A., König, H., Hoyer, H., Schneider, N., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-112 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“01) by a GP-led clinical interview, (3) showing a minimum total score on the ‘Overall Anxiety and Impairment Scale’ (OASIS) of 8 points [57] and at least two positive answers on the panic module of the ‘Patient Health Questionnaire’ (PHQ) [11] at the time of inclusion, (4) having sufficient German language skills, (5)…”
Method
Worry about COVID-19 in relation to cognitive-affective smoking processes among daily adult combustible cigarette smokers
Shepherd, J. M., Fogle, B. M., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1866657 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The psychometric properties of the OASIS have been established, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent/discriminant validity (CampbellSills et al., 2009; Norman et al., 2011, 2006).”
Method
The Unique Contributions of Distinct Experiential Avoidance Domains to Severity and Functionality of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Bentley, K. H., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., & Wilner, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.040613 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Results from previous psychometric evaluations of the OASIS have indicated high internal consistent, excellent test-retest reliability, and covergent and discriminant validity in nonclinical and clinical populations (Campbell-Sills et al., 2009; Norman et al., 2006, 2011).”
ResultInfluential
Hope, optimism, and self‐efficacy predicting mental health and illness in a community sample exposed to Hurricane Harvey
D’Souza, J. M., Long, L. J., Richardson, A. L., & Gallagher, M. W. (2023) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23075 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Anxiety symptoms and anxiety sensitivity in relation to cigarette dependence, perceived barriers for smoking cessation and quit problems among adult Latinx smokers
Zvolensky, M. J., Shepherd, J. M., Clausen, B. K., Garey, L., Kauffman, B. Y., Heggeness, L. F., Viana, A. G., & Bizier, A. (2023) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2022.2159911 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Additionally, participants average anxiety symptom severity level was 7.5 ( SD = 5.8) and 50.9% of the sample met the cutoff score (≥ 8) indicating a probable anxiety disorder (Norman et al., 2011).”
Influential
The allocation of resources in the care for patients with panic disorder in Germany: an excess cost analysis informing policy and science
Brettschneider, C., Bleibler, F., Hiller, T. S., Konnopka, A., Breitbart, J., Margraf, J., Gensichen, J. S., König, H., for the Jena-PARADISE Study-Group, Blank, W., et al. (2019) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/s12962-019-0177-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Spanish Adaptation of the Overall Anxiety and Depression Severity and Impairment Scales in University Students
Osma, J., Loredo, V. M., Díaz‐García, A., Quilez-Orden, A. B., & Péris-Baquero, Ó. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010345 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Childhood Trauma Predicts Positive Expressive Suppression During Social Affiliation in Adults With Anxiety and/or Depression: Implications for Social Functioning
Hoffman, S. N., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.10.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
CO2 reactivity as a biomarker of exposure-based therapy non-response: study protocol
Smits, J. A. J., Monfils, M., Otto, M. W., Telch, M. J., Shumake, J., Feinstein, J. S., Khalsa, S. S., Cobb, A. R., Parsons, E. M., Long, L. J., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04478-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of a caregiver-report adaptation of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) for use with youth populations
Comer, J. S., Conroy, K., Cornacchio, D., Furr, J. M., Norman, S. B., & Stein, M. B. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.113 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Symptom trajectories in patients with panic disorder in a primary care intervention: Results from a randomized controlled trial (PARADISE)
Lukaschek, K., Hiller, T. S., Schumacher, U., Teismann, T., Breitbart, J., Brettschneider, C., König, H., Margraf, J., & Gensichen, J. S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43487-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Role of Rumination in Anxiety Disorders
Petwal, P., Sudhir, P. M., & Mehrotra, S. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00513-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Its validity has been demonstrated in both community (Norman et al., 2011, 2013) and clinical samples (Campbell-Sills et al., 2008).”
Background
Die Jena Angst-Monitoring-Liste (JAMoL) - ein Instrument zur evidenzbasierten Behandlung von Panikstörung mit oder ohne Agoraphobie in der Hausarztpraxis
Hiller, T. S., Freytag, A., Breitbart, J., Teismann, T., Schöne, E., Blank, W., Schelle, M., Vollmar, H. C., Margraf, J., & Gensichen, J. S. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Evidenz Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1016/j.zefq.2018.02.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation and Rasch analyses of the German Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS-D)
Hiller, T. S., Hoffmann, S., Teismann, T., Lukaschek, K., & Gensichen, J. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33355-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Improving perceptions of cognitive-behavioral therapy with brief website exposure: Does neuroscientific allure impact attitudes?
Schofield, C. A., Weis, H., Ponzini, G. T., & McHugh, R. K. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.03.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Upregulating Positive Affectivity in the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: A Randomized Pilot Study
González‐Robles, A., García‐Palacios, A., Baños, R., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517735631 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This is a five-item scale, rated from 0 to 4, that evaluates the frequency, severity, and work, social, academic, and everyday life impairment caused by anxiety symptoms in the past week (Norman et al., 2011).”
Panic Disorder in Primary Care: The Effects of a Team-Based Intervention
Gensichen, J. S., Hiller, T. S., Breitbart, J., Brettschneider, C., Teismann, T., Schumacher, U., Lukaschek, K., Schelle, M., Schneider, N., Sommer, M., et al. (2019) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0159 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Efficacy of a transdiagnostic guided internet-delivered intervention for emotional, trauma and stress-related disorders in Mexican population: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
la Rosa-Gómez, A. D., Flores-Plata, L. A., Esquivel-Santoveña, E. E., Torija, C. S. T., Flores, R. G., Rodríguez, A. D., Arenas-Landgrave, P., Castellanos-Vargas, R. O., Ruiz, E. B., Silvestre-Ramírez, R., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04132-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Hypnosis in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial
Ramondo, N., Pestell, C., Byrne, S. M., & Gignac, G. E. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2024.2354722 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The primary outcome measures were self-reported depression (PHQ-9), clinician-rated depression (MADRS), self-reported anxiety (Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale, OASIS; Norman et al., 2011) and self-reported quality of life (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short Form, QLESQ-SF; E…”
BackgroundMethod
Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies
Mira, A., Díaz-García, A., Castilla, D., Campos, D., Romero, S., Bretón-López, J., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2099-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The relationship between expressive suppression, therapeutic bond, and treatment outcomes of a positive affect intervention for adults with anxiety and/or depression
Hoffman, S. N., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2321891 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Pre-treatment anxiety symptoms were measured using the OASIS (Bragdon et al., 2016; Moore et al., 2015; Norman et al., 2006, 2011).”
MethodSelf-citation
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS)
Farrahi, H., Gharraee, B., Oghabian, M. A., Pirmoradi, M., Najibi, S. M., & Batouli, S. A. H. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.100674 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Student Motivation, Anxiety and Pass/Fail Grading: A SoTL Project
Walden, P. R. (2022) · doi:10.30707/tlcsd6.1.1649037808.651639 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A smartphone-based serious game for depressive symptoms: Protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial
Gómez-Cambronero, Á., Casteleyn, S., Bretón-López, J., García-Palacios, A., & Mira, A. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100624 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“It has demonstrated strong psychometric properties with good internal consistency (alpha = 0.86), as well as test-retest reliability (K = 0.82) and convergent validity Campbell-Sills et al. (2009); Norman et al. (2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Opioid coping motives and pain intensity among adults with chronic low back pain: associations with mood, pain reactivity, and opioid misuse
Rogers, A. H., Heggeness, L. F., Smit, T., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-023-00416-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Psychometric work suggests that the OASIS total score is strongly related to anxiety disorder diagnosis, and shows strong convergent and divergent validity (Norman et al., 2011), as well as having a reliable cutoff for distinguishing anxiety disorder diagnoses (Campbell-Sills et al.”
Background
eHealth-supported case management for patients with panic disorder or depression in primary care: Study protocol for a cRCT (PREMA)
for the PREMA-study group, Lukaschek, K., Mergenthal, K., Heider, D., Hanke, A., Munski, K., Moschner, A., Emig, M., van den Akker, M., Zapf, A., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3751-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Experiential avoidance in participants with borderline personality disorder and other personality disorders
Gecha, T. C., Glass, I. V., Frankenburg, F. R., Sharp, C., & Zanarini, M. C. (2024) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-024-00248-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Two studies using college samples demonstrated that the instrument has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity [25, 26].”
A Diagnostic-Oriented Screening Scale for Anxiety Disorders: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Anxiety Scale (CESA)
Faro, A., & Eaton, W. W. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00957 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of mandatory home quarantine on mental health in a community sample during the COVID-19 pandemic
Aaltonen, K. I., Saarni, S. E., Holi, M. M., & Paananen, M. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2022.2061047 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccination Refusal—Which Factors are Related in the Czech Republic, One of the Most Affected Countries in the World?
Žídková, R., Maliňáková, K., van Dijk, J. P., & Tavel, P. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2023.1605375 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A randomized controlled safety and feasibility trial of floatation-REST in anxious and depressed individuals
Garland, M. M., Wilson, R., Thompson, W. K., Stein, M. B., Paulus, M. P., Feinstein, J. S., & Khalsa, S. S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286899 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Religious Conspiracy Theories About the COVID-19 Pandemic Are Associated With Negative Mental Health
Košárková, A., Maliňáková, K., Novák, L., van Dijk, J. P., & Tavel, P. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604324 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evaluating resilience in terms of COVID-19 related behavioral health among Latinx adults during the coronavirus pandemic
Mayorga, N. A., Nizio, P., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Kauffman, B. Y., Matoska, C. T., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2022.2114103 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The ODSIS is a 5-item self-report scale that is measured on a 5-point Likert scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Anxiety-related constructs and smoking outcome expectancies among Latinx smokers.
Zvolensky, M. J., Shepherd, J. M., Clausen, B. K., Garey, L., Redmond, B. Y., Brown, R. A., Bogiaizian, D., Salazar, P. L., & Viana, A. G. (2022) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000625 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Smoking Abstinence Expectancies Among Latinx Smokers: An Initial Test and Evaluation of Individual Difference Factors
Zvolensky, M. J., Shepherd, J. M., Clausen, B. K., Garey, L., Kauffman, B. Y., Viana, A. G., Heggeness, L. F., Bizier, A., Zappi, C., & Reitzel, L. R. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10351-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“9% of the sample met the clinical cutoff score (≥ 8) indicating a probable anxiety disorder diagnosis (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cost-effectiveness of Practice Team-Supported Exposure Training for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia in Primary Care: a Cluster-Randomized Trial
Brettschneider, C., Gensichen, J. S., Hiller, T. S., Breitbart, J., Schumacher, U., Lukaschek, K., Teismann, T., Margraf, J., & König, H. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05658-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) and Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS): Adaptation and validation in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Rojas, R. L., Cremades, C. F., Celleri, M., & Garay, C. J. (2023) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.10451 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…and discriminative validity (Bragdon et al., 2016; Campbell-Sills et al., 2009; Farrahi et al., 2020; González-Robles et al., 2018; Hermans et al., 2015; Ito, Oe, et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2015; Norman et al., 2006; Norman et al., 2011; Osma et al., 2019; Osma et al., 2021; Sandora et al., 2021).”
Background
Combustible cigarette smokers versus dual combustible and electronic users: Evaluation of differences in anxiety, depression, and transdiagnostic constructs among Latinx adults
Zvolensky, M. J., Shepherd, J. M., Clausen, B. K., Redmond, B. Y., de Dios, M. A., & Cano, M. Á. (2024) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2024.2391309 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Past research has indicated that a cutoff score of ≥ 8 reflects a probable anxiety disorder (Norman et al., 2011).”
Psychometric properties of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 in adults with substance use disorders
Hilton, B. T., Yusufov, M., Rosellini, A. J., Taghian, N. R., Weiss, R. D., Griffin, M. L., & McHugh, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108507 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anxiety, Depression, and Pain Symptoms: Associations With the Course of Marijuana Use and Drug Use Consequences Among Urban Primary Care Patients
Bertholet, N., Cheng, D. M., Palfai, T. P., Lloyd-Travaglini, C. A., Samet, J. H., & Saitz, R. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000362 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Measuring Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents: Psychometric Properties of the Overall Anxiety and Depression Severity and Impairment Scales
Maçãs-Carvalho, I., Brazão, N., Pereira, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Rijo, D. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70196 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Consistent with the findings from the adult versions of the OASIS and the ODSIS (Bentley et al. 2014; Norman et al. 2006, 2011; Osma et al. 2019), our results support a unidimensional structure for both the OASIS-A and the ODSIS-A, with all items loading strongly and significantly onto a single…”
Influential
Firefighter Relationship Satisfaction: Associations with Mental Health Outcomes
Zegel, M., Leonard, S. J., McGrew, S. J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2023) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2023.2209338 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The OASIS has demonstrated good psychometric properties (Norman et al ., 2011) and displayed excellent internal consistency in the current study (α = .91).”
Background
Openness to Experience Predicts Engagement in Role-Play: Evidence From Two Methodologies
Lim, M., Bizzego, A., Chen, S. A., & Esposito, G. (2024) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/10468781241239741 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS; Norman et al., 2011) is a 5-item measure of severity and impairment of any/multiple anxiety disorder(s) in a non-clinical context (Campbell-Sills et al., 2009).”
A preliminary examination of unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in patients with panic disorder: a single-case experimental design in Iran
Zemestani, M., Davoudi, F., Farhadi, A., & Gallagher, M. W. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1990269 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The identification and measurement of postpartum anxiety in England: A Delphi survey
Worrall, S., Harris, E. J., Silverio, S. A., & Fallon, V. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.041 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Measurement of both severity and frequency of anxiety symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples is imperative due to effects on physical health (Norman et al., 2011).”
Background
Comparing the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to prolonged exposure for the treatment of PTSD: Design of a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial
Lau, W., Chisholm, K., Gallagher, M. W., Felmingham, K. L., Murray, K., Pearce, A., Doyle, N., Alexander, S., O'Brien, H., Putica, A., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101134 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Psychometric evaluations of the OASIS have indicated high internal consistency, excellent test–retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity in clinical and non-clinical samples [57,58].”
Method
CBT—Intervention for panic disorder in primary care: 5 years follow-up of a cRCT during the Covid-19 pandemic
Lukaschek, K., Haas, C., Wannemüller, A., Brettschneider, C., Dreischulte, T., Margraf, J., Gensichen, J. S., & on behalf of the PARADIES study group (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287718 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In our study, anxiety severity (OASIS) showed a difference between IG and CG.”
MethodInfluential
Validation of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS) in the Czech Environment
Buchta, O., Maliňáková, K., Novak, L., Juklová, K., Meier, Z., & Tavel, P. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06544-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale as an Outcome Measure in Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Observational Study
Karpov, B., Lipsanen, J. O., Ritola, V., Rosenström, T. H., Saarni, S. E., Pihlaja, S., Stenberg, J., Laizane, P., & Joffe, G. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/45362 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For face-to-face treatments, OASIS is a valid transdiagnostic outcome measurement instrument in both nonclinical and clinical samples [36,37] in different therapeutic interventions for ADs.”
Hope predicts long-term well-being following cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders
Long, L. J., Cardona, N. D., Hey, A. J., Moreno-Villamizar, J. D., Barlow, D. H., & Farchione, T. J. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2523479 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS; Norman et al., 2011) was used to assess anxiety severity and functional impairment.”
Conducting Systematic Outcome Assessment in Private Addictions Treatment Settings
Connors, G. J., Maisto, S. A., Campbell, C. E., To, B., & Sack, D. A. (2017) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221817719239 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parental Factors Associated With Intentions to Initiate a Family-Based Pediatric Weight Management Program
Moore, W. S., Maldonado‐Molina, M. M., Mobley, A. R., Shelnutt, K. P., & McVay, M. A. (2023) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2023.0033 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Potentially traumatic pandemic stressors and anxiety‐related sleep disturbance among Latinx persons
Buitron, V., Mayorga, N. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22976 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anxiety sensitivity and COVID-19 mental health, fatigue, and well-being: a longitudinal examination among adults from the United States during March–October 2020
Zvolensky, M. J., Robison, J. H., Ayers, Z. S., Senger, A. R., Clausen, B. K., Businelle, M. S., & Gallagher, M. W. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2360054 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A cutoff score of ≥8 has been identified as a reliable benchmark for identifying clinically significant levels of depression (Bentley et al., 2014; Campbell-Sills et al., 2009; Norman et al., 2011).”
Latinx Individuals Who Smoke Daily with and without a Probable Anxiety Disorder: Differences in Smoking Behavior and Beliefs about Abstinence
Zvolensky, M. J., Clausen, B. K., Shepherd, J. M., Redmond, B. Y., Garey, L., Heggeness, L. F., Bizier, A., Brown, R. A., Bogiaizian, D., & Salazar, P. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043277 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“First, we used established probable anxiety disorder cutoffs on the OASIS [61].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Validation of a brief measure of anxiety-related severity and impairment: The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS)
Campbell-Sills, L., Norman, S. B., Craske, M. G., Sullivan, G., Lang, A. J., Chavira, D. A., Bystritsky, A., Sherbourne, C., Roy-Byrne, P., & Stein, M. B. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.014 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development and validation of an Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS)
Norman, S. B., Hami Cissell, S., Means-Christensen, A. J., & Stein, M. B. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20182 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Self-citation
A comparison of measures for low-back pain disability
Millard, R. W., & Patt, R. B. (1990) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)92717-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A brief online transdiagnostic measure: psychometric properties of the overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS) among Spanish patients with emotional disorders
González-Robles, A., Mira, A., Miguel, C., Molinari, G., Díaz-García, A., García-Palacios, A., Bretón-López, J. M., Quero, S., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206516 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of the Overall Anxiety Severity And Impairment Scale (OASIS) in individuals seeking outpatient specialty treatment for anxiety-related disorders
Moore, S. A., Welch, S. S., Michonski, J. D., Poquiz, J. L., Osborne, T. L., Sayrs, J. H. R., & Spanos, A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.041 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Authors: Norman, S. B., Campbell-Sills, L., Hitchcock, C. A., Sullivan, S., Rochlin, A., Wilkins, K. C., & Stein, M. B.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Alliant University (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
San Diego State University (US)
Corresponding author: Norman, Sonya B.
ORCID: Norman, Sonya B.
Hitchcock, Carla A.
Stein, Murray B.
Venue: Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-02
Volume: 45
Issue: 2
Pages: 262-268
ISSN: 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.011
PMC: PMC2970755
OpenAlex: W2039588780
Cited by: 140
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 2.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K23AA015707)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-64122, MH 65413, K24MH064122, R01MH065413, MH057835)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: anxiety levels, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, factor structure, convergent validity, subthreshold anxiety, university students, primary care, anxiety disorders
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Statistics as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult

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Psychometrics of a brief measure of anxiety to detect severity and impairment: The overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS)

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