A tale of two systems: Testing a positive and negative valence systems framework to understand social disconnection across anxiety and depressive disorders
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Background Social disconnection is a common and pernicious feature of anxiety and depressive disorders, yet is insufficiently addressed by our best available treatments. To better understand why people with anxiety and depression feel socially disconnected, we tested a positive and negative valence systems framework informed by research on how normative social connections develop and flourish.Method Individuals seeking treatment for anxiety or depression (N = 150) completed measures of perceived social connectedness, positive and negative valence temperament, social goals, affect, symptoms, and life satisfaction.Results Feeling less socially connected was associated with diminished life satisfaction, beyond clinical symptom severity. Regression analyses revealed that both diminished positive valence and heightened negative valence temperament, and their corresponding motivational and affective outputs, were significantly and uniquely (with no significant interaction between them) associated with lower perceived connectedness.Limitations Data was cross-sectional and based on self-report-limiting conclusions about causality and social disconnection processes at different units of analysis.Conclusions Understanding social disconnection through the lens of a positive and negative valence systems framework may inform transdiagnostic models and treatment approaches.
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In anxiety and depression samples, positive valence processes are robustly associated with social connectedness beyond negative valence processes.
“Notably, research in anxiety and depression samples demonstrates that positive valence processes (e.g., approach motivation, positive affect) are robustly associated with social connectedness beyond negative valence processes (e.g., avoidance motivation, negative affect).(3, 14)”
Diminished sensitivity to social rewards may be the central mechanism underpinning social disconnection in some patients.
“Diminished sensitivity to social rewards may be the central mechanism underpinning social disconnection in some patients”
Heightened sensitivity to aversive social outcomes may be a more influential mechanism in others.
“heightened sensitivity to aversive social outcomes may be a more influential mechanism in others.(3)”
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McMahon, G. E., Douglas, A., Casey, K., & Ahern, E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.142 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hoffman, S. N., Rassaby, M. M., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.086 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dexter, T. D., Roberts, B. Z., Ayoub, S. M., Noback, M. N., Barnes, S. A., & Young, J. W. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16243 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dickerson, D. L., D’Amico, E. J., Kennedy, D. P., Brown, R. A., Klein, D. J., Etz, K., Johnson, C. L., Funmaker, G., Arvizu-Sanchez, V., & Malika, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Parrish, E. M., Chalker, S. A., Cano, M., Harvey, P. D., Taylor, C. T., Pinkham, A. E., Moore, R. C., Ackerman, R. A., & Depp, C. A. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2137445 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hill, K. E., Kujawa, A., & Humphreys, K. L. (2023) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22036 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Age-dependent brain morphometry in Major Depressive disorder
Myoraku, A., Lang, A., Taylor, C. T., Mackin, R. S., Meyerhoff, D. J., Mueller, S. G., Strigo, I. A., & Tosun, D. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102924 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic risk factors of emotional disorders in adults: A systematic review
Antuña‐Camblor, C., Péris-Baquero, Ó., Juarros‐Basterretxea, J., Vindel, A. C., & Rodríguez‐Díaz, F. J. (2024) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.561051 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hoffman, S. N., Thomas, M. L., Pearlstein, S. L., Kakaria, S., Oveis, C., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.04.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Parrish, E. M., Pinkham, A. E., Moore, R. C., Harvey, P. D., Granholm, E. L., Roesch, S. C., Joiner, T. E., & Depp, C. A. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.028 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hinchey, L. M.-E., Pernice, F. M., Christian, J. N., Michon, A., & Rice, K. (2023) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-023-10051-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Akeman, E., White, E. J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Santiago, J., McDermott, T. J., DeVille, D. C., Stewart, J. L., Paulus, M. P., Taylor, C. T., & Aupperle, R. L. (2021) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455211030506 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mood Lifters: A Dimensional Approach to Mental Health Care
Pokowitz, E. L., Prakash, N., Foster, K. T., & Deldin, P. J. (2024) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-024-00204-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Braak, S., Bakker, G., Su, T., Osinga, C., Nawijn, L., van Tol, M., van der Wee, N. J. A., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/8564344 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hao, Y., Banker, S. M., Trayvick, J., Barkley, S., Peters, A. W., Thinakaran, A. A., McLaughlin, C., Gu, X., Schiller, D., & Foss‐Feig, J. H. (2025) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-025-00638-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rassaby, M. M., Shakya, H. B., Fowler, J. H., Oveis, C., Sieber, W. J., Jain, S., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116914 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Katz, B. A., Karalis, J., Hawes, M. T., & Klein, D. N. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104453 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Validation of the Social Connectedness Scale in Argentinean adult sample
Morán, V. E., Curi, M. V., Fabbro, N., & Alessandrini, L. (2022) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_65_3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rassaby, M. M., Rogers, J. M., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2024.2350466 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yoo, D., & Córdova, J. V. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12803 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Datos normativos en población de adultos argentinos para la Escala de Conexión Social
Morán, V. E., Villarrubia, M. D., & Curi, M. V. (2022) · Revista de Investigación en Psicología · doi:10.15381/rinvp.v25i2.23461 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rassaby, M. M., Adams, S. N., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2025) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2025.100146 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gross, A. M., Rassaby, M. M., Hoffman, S. N., Depp, C. A., Moore, R. C., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100097 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Daneshvar, S., Bytamar, J. M., Dehbozorgi, S., Pourmohammad, P., Zeraatpisheh, Z., & Jobson, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02550-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Chetcuti, L., Hardan, A. Y., Spackman, E. K., Loth, E., McPartland, J. C., Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Krueger, R. F., & Uljarević, M. (2025) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2025.12.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parent, N., Xiao, B., Hein‐Salvi, C., & Shapka, J. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159365 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wolff, B., Glasson, E. J., & Pestell, C. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12981 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Satchwell, M., Hoffman, S. N., Rassaby, M. M., Bowers, T. J., & Taylor, C. T. (2024) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12822 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Song, Y. Y., Zeng, J., Cao, H., Cheng, B., & Yang, X. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101323 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Computational Phenotyping of Treatment-Resistant Depression prior to Electroconvulsive TherapyPreprint
Jones, R. E., Sands, L. P., Trattner, J. D., Jiang, A., Johnson, C. K., Farkas, E. B., Gligorovic, P. V., Douglas, H. E., Ramos, R., & Kishida, K. T. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.24314360
Schismogenesis in anxiety spectrum disorders: a biopsychosocial perspective
Garcı́a-Toro, M., & Gómez-Juanes, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1667066
Behar, E., Yap, D. L., George, A. A., Law, C., & Gunthert, K. C. (2026) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2026.02.002
- Authors
- Taylor, C. T., Pearlstein, S. L., & Stein, M. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Charles T.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 266
- Pages
- 207-214
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7351468
- OpenAlex
- W2999014664
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (21695)
- University of California, San Diego (UL1TR001442)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R00MH090243, R61MH113769)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- social disconnection, social connectedness, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, positive valence systems, negative valence systems, temperament, life satisfaction, social goals, transdiagnostic model
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Humans
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