The impact of COVID-19 experiences and associated stress on anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in American adults
Open accessAbstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on health and well-being worldwide and there is increasing recognition of the need to understand the psychological impact of COVID-19 experiences and stress in addition to the physical health consequences.Methods The present study examined how experiences related to COVID-19 and associated stress impact, anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in a convenience sample of 565 American adults (57.9% male) recruited through MTURK.Results COVID-19 experiences were consistently associated with higher odds of probable anxiety and depression diagnoses (ORs ≥ 3.0). COVID-19 associated stress also predicted large proportions of variance (R 2 ≥ 30) in anxiety, depression, health anxiety, and functional impairment in latent variable analyses.Conclusions These findings highlight that personal experiences related to the diagnosis of COVID-19, mortality in acquaintances, and COVID-19 associated stress is associated with a greatly elevated risk of emotional disorder symptomatology and that the COVID-19 pandemic may result in increased demand for mental health services.
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The COVID-19 pandemic increased mental health problems and decreased quality of life.
“Mental health problems have increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting numerous disruptions to daily life, unique stressors, increased mental health concerns, and decreased quality of life”
From Examining the effectiveness and acceptability of a group-based ACT intervention delivered by videoconference to international university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2024) · cites this paper as Gallagher, Zvolensky, Long, Rogers, & Garey, 2020
The Results report that COVID-19 experiences were associated with higher anxiety, depression, stress, and functional impairment; the Discussion also describes increases in mental health symptoms during the outbreak. The paper measured impairment in daily activities, not quality of life, and its associations do not establish that the pandemic caused a decline in quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the early months of the pandemic, greater COVID-19 related distress was associated with higher anxiety, stress, and depression.
“Several studies showed that during the early months of the pandemic, increased COVID-19 related distress was associated with increased levels of anxiety, stress, and depression (Bitan et al., 2020; Gallagher et al., 2020).”
From The association between facets of mindfulness and COVID-19 related distress: A cross-sectional study (2023) · cites this paper as Gallagher et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallagher, Matthew W.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2020-08-29
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1043-1051
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC7456202
- OpenAlex
- W3081595932
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 20.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, functional disability, health anxiety, COVID-19 diagnosis, mental health demand, psychological impact of pandemic
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