Cited by 140Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

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Psychometrics of a brief measure of anxiety to detect severity and impairment: The overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS)

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Norman, Sonya B., Campbell-Sills, Laura, Hitchcock, Carla A., Sullivan, Sarah, Rochlin, Alexis, Wilkins, Kendall C., Stein, Murray B.·2011·Journal of Psychiatric Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.011PMC PMC2970755

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Abstract

Brief measures of anxiety-related severity and impairment that can be used across anxiety disorders and with subsyndromal anxiety are lacking. The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) have shown strong psychometric properties with college students and primary care patients. This study examines sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of an abbreviated version of the OASIS that takes only 2-3 min to complete using a non-clinical (college student) sample. 48 participants completed the OASIS and SCID for anxiety disorders, 21 had a diagnosis of ≥1 anxiety disorder, and 4 additional participants had a subthreshold diagnosis. A cut-score of 8 best discriminated those with anxiety disorders from those without, successfully classifying 78% of the sample with 69% sensitivity and 74% specificity. Results from a larger sample (n = 171) showed a single factor structure and excellent convergent and divergent validity. The availability of cut-scores for a non-clinical sample furthers the utility of this measure for settings where screening or brief assessment of anxiety is needed.

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Method
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“Additionally, participants average anxiety symptom severity level was 7.5 ( SD = 5.8) and 50.9% of the sample met the cutoff score (≥ 8) indicating a probable anxiety disorder (Norman et al., 2011).”
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“Its validity has been demonstrated in both community (Norman et al., 2011, 2013) and clinical samples (Campbell-Sills et al., 2008).”
Background
Die Jena Angst-Monitoring-Liste (JAMoL) - ein Instrument zur evidenzbasierten Behandlung von Panikstörung mit oder ohne Agoraphobie in der Hausarztpraxis
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Psychometric evaluation and Rasch analyses of the German Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS-D)
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Improving perceptions of cognitive-behavioral therapy with brief website exposure: Does neuroscientific allure impact attitudes?
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Upregulating Positive Affectivity in the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: A Randomized Pilot Study
González‐Robles, A., García‐Palacios, A., Baños, R., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2017) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517735631 · Cited by 13
“This is a five-item scale, rated from 0 to 4, that evaluates the frequency, severity, and work, social, academic, and everyday life impairment caused by anxiety symptoms in the past week (Norman et al., 2011).”
Panic Disorder in Primary Care: The Effects of a Team-Based Intervention
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Efficacy of a transdiagnostic guided internet-delivered intervention for emotional, trauma and stress-related disorders in Mexican population: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
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“The primary outcome measures were self-reported depression (PHQ-9), clinician-rated depression (MADRS), self-reported anxiety (Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale, OASIS; Norman et al., 2011) and self-reported quality of life (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short Form, QLESQ-SF; E…”
BackgroundMethod
Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies
Mira, A., Díaz-García, A., Castilla, D., Campos, D., Romero, S., Bretón-López, J., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2099-2 · Cited by 9
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“Pre-treatment anxiety symptoms were measured using the OASIS (Bragdon et al., 2016; Moore et al., 2015; Norman et al., 2006, 2011).”
MethodSelf-citation
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS)
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“It has demonstrated strong psychometric properties with good internal consistency (alpha = 0.86), as well as test-retest reliability (K = 0.82) and convergent validity Campbell-Sills et al. (2009); Norman et al. (2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Psychometric work suggests that the OASIS total score is strongly related to anxiety disorder diagnosis, and shows strong convergent and divergent validity (Norman et al., 2011), as well as having a reliable cutoff for distinguishing anxiety disorder diagnoses (Campbell-Sills et al.”
Background
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“Two studies using college samples demonstrated that the instrument has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity [25, 26].”
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“The ODSIS is a 5-item self-report scale that is measured on a 5-point Likert scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Anxiety-related constructs and smoking outcome expectancies among Latinx smokers.
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“9% of the sample met the clinical cutoff score (≥ 8) indicating a probable anxiety disorder diagnosis (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“…and discriminative validity (Bragdon et al., 2016; Campbell-Sills et al., 2009; Farrahi et al., 2020; González-Robles et al., 2018; Hermans et al., 2015; Ito, Oe, et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2015; Norman et al., 2006; Norman et al., 2011; Osma et al., 2019; Osma et al., 2021; Sandora et al., 2021).”
Background
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“Past research has indicated that a cutoff score of ≥ 8 reflects a probable anxiety disorder (Norman et al., 2011).”
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“Consistent with the findings from the adult versions of the OASIS and the ODSIS (Bentley et al. 2014; Norman et al. 2006, 2011; Osma et al. 2019), our results support a unidimensional structure for both the OASIS-A and the ODSIS-A, with all items loading strongly and significantly onto a single…”
Influential
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“The OASIS has demonstrated good psychometric properties (Norman et al ., 2011) and displayed excellent internal consistency in the current study (α = .91).”
Background
Openness to Experience Predicts Engagement in Role-Play: Evidence From Two Methodologies
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“The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS; Norman et al., 2011) is a 5-item measure of severity and impairment of any/multiple anxiety disorder(s) in a non-clinical context (Campbell-Sills et al., 2009).”
A preliminary examination of unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in patients with panic disorder: a single-case experimental design in Iran
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“Measurement of both severity and frequency of anxiety symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples is imperative due to effects on physical health (Norman et al., 2011).”
Background
Comparing the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to prolonged exposure for the treatment of PTSD: Design of a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial
Lau, W., Chisholm, K., Gallagher, M. W., Felmingham, K. L., Murray, K., Pearce, A., Doyle, N., Alexander, S., O'Brien, H., Putica, A., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101134 · Cited by 3
“Psychometric evaluations of the OASIS have indicated high internal consistency, excellent test–retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity in clinical and non-clinical samples [57,58].”
Method
CBT—Intervention for panic disorder in primary care: 5 years follow-up of a cRCT during the Covid-19 pandemic
Lukaschek, K., Haas, C., Wannemüller, A., Brettschneider, C., Dreischulte, T., Margraf, J., Gensichen, J. S., & on behalf of the PARADIES study group (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287718 · Cited by 3
“In our study, anxiety severity (OASIS) showed a difference between IG and CG.”
MethodInfluential
Validation of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS) in the Czech Environment
Buchta, O., Maliňáková, K., Novak, L., Juklová, K., Meier, Z., & Tavel, P. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06544-1 · Cited by 4
The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale as an Outcome Measure in Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Observational Study
Karpov, B., Lipsanen, J. O., Ritola, V., Rosenström, T. H., Saarni, S. E., Pihlaja, S., Stenberg, J., Laizane, P., & Joffe, G. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/45362 · Cited by 3
“For face-to-face treatments, OASIS is a valid transdiagnostic outcome measurement instrument in both nonclinical and clinical samples [36,37] in different therapeutic interventions for ADs.”
Hope predicts long-term well-being following cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders
Long, L. J., Cardona, N. D., Hey, A. J., Moreno-Villamizar, J. D., Barlow, D. H., & Farchione, T. J. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2523479 · Cited by 2
“The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS; Norman et al., 2011) was used to assess anxiety severity and functional impairment.”
Conducting Systematic Outcome Assessment in Private Addictions Treatment Settings
Connors, G. J., Maisto, S. A., Campbell, C. E., To, B., & Sack, D. A. (2017) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221817719239 · Cited by 2
Parental Factors Associated With Intentions to Initiate a Family-Based Pediatric Weight Management Program
Moore, W. S., Maldonado‐Molina, M. M., Mobley, A. R., Shelnutt, K. P., & McVay, M. A. (2023) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2023.0033 · Cited by 2
Potentially traumatic pandemic stressors and anxiety‐related sleep disturbance among Latinx persons
Buitron, V., Mayorga, N. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22976 · Cited by 2
Anxiety sensitivity and COVID-19 mental health, fatigue, and well-being: a longitudinal examination among adults from the United States during March–October 2020
Zvolensky, M. J., Robison, J. H., Ayers, Z. S., Senger, A. R., Clausen, B. K., Businelle, M. S., & Gallagher, M. W. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2360054 · Cited by 2
“A cutoff score of ≥8 has been identified as a reliable benchmark for identifying clinically significant levels of depression (Bentley et al., 2014; Campbell-Sills et al., 2009; Norman et al., 2011).”
Latinx Individuals Who Smoke Daily with and without a Probable Anxiety Disorder: Differences in Smoking Behavior and Beliefs about Abstinence
Zvolensky, M. J., Clausen, B. K., Shepherd, J. M., Redmond, B. Y., Garey, L., Heggeness, L. F., Bizier, A., Brown, R. A., Bogiaizian, D., & Salazar, P. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043277 · Cited by 2
“First, we used established probable anxiety disorder cutoffs on the OASIS [61].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Norman, S. B., Campbell-Sills, L., Hitchcock, C. A., Sullivan, S., Rochlin, A., Wilkins, K. C., & Stein, M. B.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Alliant University (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
San Diego State University (US)
Corresponding author: Norman, Sonya B.
ORCID: Norman, Sonya B.
Hitchcock, Carla A.
Stein, Murray B.
Venue: Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-02
Volume: 45
Issue: 2
Pages: 262-268
ISSN: 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.011
PMC: PMC2970755
OpenAlex: W2039588780
Cited by: 140
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 2.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K23AA015707)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-64122, MH 65413, K24MH064122, R01MH065413, MH057835)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: anxiety levels, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, factor structure, convergent validity, subthreshold anxiety, university students, primary care, anxiety disorders
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Statistics as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult

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Psychometrics of a brief measure of anxiety to detect severity and impairment: The overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS)

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