The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deterministic learning and attempted suicide among older depressed individuals: Cognitive assessment using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Open accessAbstract
Background Late-life suicide is an under-investigated public health problem. Among the putative vulnerabilities for this complex multifactorial behaviour are deficits in cognitive control, an ability to integrate and prioritize multiple cognitive processes in order to flexibly adapt behaviour and meet situational demands. We investigated cognitive control during rule learning in a complex and changing environment in older individuals with suicide attempts of varying lethality.Method Ninety-three participants over the age of 60 (30 healthy controls, 29 depressed never suicidal, 20 low-lethality suicide attempters, 14 high-lethality suicide attempters) underwent structured clinical and cognitive assessments. Participants then completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a well-studied task of cognitive control during rule learning.Results High-lethality attempters demonstrated a pattern of deficits involving poor conceptual reasoning, perseverative errors and total errors. Compared to low-lethality attempters and healthy controls, high-lethality attempters demonstrated poor conceptual reasoning, as well as increased rates of perseverative errors and total errors. Compared to non-suicidal depressed participants, high-lethality attempters also made more conceptual errors.Conclusion High-lethality suicide attempts among older people are associated with impaired cognitive control during rule learning as detected by the WCST. Our data suggest that impairment in cognitive control during rule learning may represent a vulnerability distinct from the impulsive diathesis, typically manifesting in young, low-lethality attempters. This vulnerability may contribute to the high incidence of serious or, often, fatal suicidal acts in old age.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“- Suicide attempters exhibit less language fluency and learning (38) and impaired deterministic learning in the context of complex unambiguous environments (39).”
From A brain-centric model of suicidal behavior (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation.
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.47.2.343 · Cited by 3,419
Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders : SCID-I : clinical version : scoresheet
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 3,101
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 780
Impaired decision making in suicide attempters
Jollant, F., Bellivier, F., Leboyer, M., Astruc, B., Torres, S., Verdier, R., Castelnau, D., Malafosse, A., & Courtet, P. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.304 · Cited by 541
Classification of suicidal behaviors: I. Quantifying intent and medical lethality
(1975) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.132.3.285 · Cited by 460
Contemporary Review 2009: Cognitive Aging
Drag, L. L., & Bieliauskas, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988709358590 · Cited by 387
Changes in Cognitive Functioning Following Treatment of Late-Life Depression
Butters, M. A., Becker, J. T., Nebes, R. D., Zmuda, M. D., Mulsant, B. H., Pollock, B. G., & Reynolds, C. F. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1949 · Cited by 377
Self-citationNeuropsychological dysfunction in depressed suicide attempters
Keilp, J. G., Sackeim, H. A., Brodsky, B. S., Oquendo, M. A., Malone, K. M., & Mann, J. J. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.735 · Cited by 372
McGirr, A., Renaud, J., Bureau, A., Seguin, M., Lesage, A., & Turecki, G. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001419 · Cited by 332
Self-citationGeriatric psychiatry : a handbook for psychiatrists and primary care physicians
Bellak, L., Karasu, T. B., & Birenbaum, C. (1976) · Grune & Stratton eBooks · Cited by 325
Cognitive function in depression: a distinct pattern of frontal impairment in melancholia?
Austin, M., Mitchell, P. B., Wilhelm, K. A., Parker, G. B., Hickie, I. B., Brodaty, H., CHAN, J., Eyers, K., MILIC, M., & Hadži-Pavlović, D. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007788 · Cited by 298
Persistence of Neuropsychologic Deficits in the Remitted State of Late-Life Depression
Bhalla, R. K., Butters, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Begley, A. E., Zmuda, M. D., Schoderbek, B., Pollock, B. G., Reynolds, C. F., & Becker, J. T. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000203130.45421.69 · Cited by 292
Self-citationInhibitory functioning in Alzheimer's disease.
Amieva, H., Phillips, L., Sala, S. D., & Henry, J. (2004) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awh045 · Cited by 281
Prefrontal Cortical Dysfunction in Depression Determined by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance
Merriam, E. P., Thase, M. E., Haas, G. L., Keshavan, M. S., & Sweeney, J. A. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.5.780 · Cited by 278
Executive functioning in depressed patients with suicidal ideation
Marzuk, P. M., Hartwell, N., Leon, A. C., & Portera, L. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00585.x · Cited by 262
Cross-Validation of the Suicidal Intent Scale
Beck, R. W., Morris, J. B., & Beck, A. T. (1974) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.34.2.445 · Cited by 255
Task Complexity and Older Adults' Decision-Making Competence.
Finucane, M. L., Mertz, C. K., Slovic, P., & Schmidt, E. S. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.71 · Cited by 247
Attention deficit in depressed suicide attempters
Keilp, J. G., Gorlyn, M., Oquendo, M. A., Burke, A. K., & Mann, J. J. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.020 · Cited by 204
Dombrovski, A. Y., Szanto, K., Siegle, G. J., Wallace, M. L., Forman, S. D., Sahakian, B., Reynolds, C. F., & Clark, L. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.025 · Cited by 198
Self-citationReward/punishment reversal learning in older suicide attempters
Dombrovski, A. Y., Clark, L., Siegle, G. J., Butters, M. A., Ichikawa, N., Sahakian, B. J., & Szanto, K. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030407 · Cited by 193
Self-citationImpairment in risk-sensitive decision-making in older suicide attempters with depression.
Clark, L., Dombrovski, A. Y., Siegle, G. J., Butters, M. A., Shollenberger, C. L., Sahakian, B. J., & Szántó, K. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0021646 · Cited by 186
Self-citationMcGirr, A., Alda, M., Séguin, M., Cabot, S., Lesage, A., & Turecki, G. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08111744 · Cited by 185
Self-citationCognitive performance in suicidal depressed elderly: preliminary report
Dombrovski, A. Y., Butters, M. A., Reynolds, C. F., Houck, P. R., Clark, L., Mazumdar, S., & Szanto, K. (2008) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3180f6338d · Cited by 159 · cited 3×
“Overall, impaired cognitive control is perhaps the strongest and most consistent cognitive deficit found among suicide attempters (Dombrovski et al., 2008; Marzuk et al., 2005; Raust et al., 2007), particularly among high-lethality attempters (Keilp et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcGirr, A. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.090121 · Cited by 147
Self-citationPrefrontal cortex dysfunction in patients with suicidal behavior
Raust, A., Slama, F., Mathieu, F., ROY, I., CHENU, A., KONCKE, D., Fouques, D., Jollant, F., Jouvent, É., Courtet, P., et al. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706009111 · Cited by 144
Grover, K. E., Green, K. L., Pettit, J. W., Monteith, L. L., Garza, M. J., & Venta, A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20632 · Cited by 135
A neuropsychological comparison of depressed suicide attempters and nonattempters
King, D. A., Conwell, Y., Cox, C., Henderson, R. E., Denning, D. G., & Caine, E. D. (2000) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.12.1.64 · Cited by 111 · cited 4×
“Lack of cognitive control has been previously implicated in suicide either indirectly through a decreased ability to problem solve (Grover et al., 2009; Schotte et al., 1990) or directly using tests of cognitive control (Keilp et al., 2001; King et al., 2000; Raust et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApathy and cognitive performance in older adults with depression
Feil, D. G., Razani, J., Boone, K. B., & Lesser, I. M. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.869 · Cited by 107
Problem-solving deficits in suicidal patients: Trait vulnerability or state phenomenon?
Schotte, D. E., Cools, J., & Payvar, S. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.58.5.562 · Cited by 102
Suicidal Behavior and Cognitive Flexibility: Design and Verbal Fluency after Attempted Suicide
Bartfai, A., Winborg, I.-M., Nordström, P., & Åsberg, M. (1990) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1990.tb00109.x · Cited by 94
Problem-solving deficits in suicidal patients: Trait vulnerability or state phenomenon?
Schotte, D. E., Cools, J., & Payvar, S. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.58.5.562 · Cited by 73
Executive Functions and P300 Latency in Elderly Depressed Patients and Control Subjects
Kindermann, S. S., Kalayam, B., Brown, G. G., Burdick, K. E., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2000) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200002000-00008 · Cited by 56
Aggression in Suicide Among Adults Age 50 and Over
Conner, K. R., Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P. R., & Eberly, S. W. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200401000-00005 · Cited by 33
Pascual, J. C., Oller, S., Soler, J., Barrachina, J., Álvarez, E., & Pérez, V. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0918b · Cited by 27
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Beck, 1979, Assessment of suicidal intention: a scale for suicidal ideation, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 47, 343, 10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.343 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding the Complex of Suicide in Depression: from Research to Clinics
Orsolini, L., Latini, R., Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Volpe, U., Vellante, F., Fornaro, M., Valchera, A., Tomasetti, C., Fraticelli, S., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0171 · Cited by 444
Richard-Devantoy, S., Berlim, M. T., & Jollant, F. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002304 · Cited by 324
Reward Signals, Attempted Suicide, and Impulsivity in Late-Life Depression
Dombrovski, A. Y., Szanto, K., Clark, L., Reynolds, C. F., & Siegle, G. J. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.75 · Cited by 289
Self-citationA brain-centric model of suicidal behavior
Mann, J. J., & Rizk, M. M. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081224 · Cited by 214
Serious Suicide Attempts: Systematic Review of Psychological Risk Factors
Gvion, Y., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00056 · Cited by 183
Metadata
- Authors
- McGirr, A., Dombrovski, A. Y., Butters, M. A., Clark, L., & Szanto, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dombrovski, Alexandre Y.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 226-232
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3326354
- OpenAlex
- W2090435772
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 05436, K23MH086620, K23MH070471, R01MH085651)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- late-life suicide, suicide attempts, older adults, depression, cognitive control, rule induction, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, conceptual reasoning, perseverative errors, lethality, cognitive vulnerability
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Learning Disabilities, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reinforcement, Psychology, Suicide, Attempted, Statistics, Nonparametric
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
