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Community-based efforts to promote physical activity: A systematic review of interventions considering mode of delivery, study quality and population subgroups
Abstract
Objectives Despite the known benefits of physical activity, the majority of adults in developed countries lead sedentary lifestyles. The community setting is a promising venue for physical activity-promoting interventions. Our objectives were to investigate the effectiveness of community-based physical activity interventions by mode of delivery, study quality and to analyse intervention effectiveness in different subgroups in the population. Design We conducted a systematic literature review in Medline and other databases to identify controlled, community-based physical activity interventions published between 2001 and 2012. Methods We performed several post hoc subgroup comparisons for mode of delivery, study quality and selected population characteristics, using net per cent change in physical activity outcomes between baseline and follow-up as an effect measure. Results We identified 55 studies on exercise/walking sessions, face-to-face counselling, public campaigns and interventions by mail, the Internet and telephone presenting data on 20,532 participants. Overall, half of the studies reported positive physical activity outcomes (total net per cent change: 16.4%; p=0.159; net per cent change for high-quality studies, i.e. studies meeting more than 5 out of 7 quality criteria: 16.2%; p=0.010). Interventions using face-to-face counselling or group sessions were most effective (net per cent change: 35.0%; p=0.014). Net per cent change was also higher in studies exclusively tailored to women (27.7%; p=0.005) or specific ethnic groups (38.9%; p=0.034). Conclusions This systematic review supports the effectiveness of community-based physical activity interventions in high-quality studies. Our results suggest that interventions using personal contact as well as tailored interventions are most promising.
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“The use of structured lifestyle interventions is reported to be effective in increasing physical activity participation and reducing the progression of chronic diseases [10-12].”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
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BackgroundManaging Noncommunicable Diseases in an African Community
Onagbiye, S., Moss, S., & Cameron, M. (2016) · International Quarterly of Community Health Education · doi:10.1177/0272684x16647357 · Cited by 15
“A high-quality systematic review to identify controlled community-based PA interventions published between 2001 and 2012 comprising 55 studies with 20,532 participants reveals that half of the studies reported a positive exercise intervention outcome.(15) Arslan studied the effect of 8-week step-aerobic dance exercise…”
BackgroundLee, H., Cho, S., Wilbur, J., Kim, J.-H., Park, C. G., Lee, Y.-M., & Lee, H. (2017) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2017.1282847 · Cited by 14
“Interventions to promote physical activity through continuous delivery of personal regular contact by the research teams are known to be effective.(46) In a migrant community setting, it would be more effective to provide this personal contact-based intervention through community members rather than health professiona…”
BackgroundHealth Academy Program and physical activity levels in Brazilian state capitals
Faria, T. R., Brenner, S., Deckert, A., Florindo, A., & Mielke, G. (2020) · doi:10.12820/rbafs.25e0133 · Cited by 12
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“The presential monitoring sessions used in our study allow individual adjustment of the treatment in each session based on FFCs’ individual needs (especially for people with pain) and have been shown to be more effective than telephone-supervised monitoring [104].”
MethodBlok, D., van Lenthe, F. V., & de Vlas, S. D. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0740-y · Cited by 12
Kerry, S., Morgan, K. E., Limb, E., Cook, D., Furness, C., Carey, I., DeWilde, S., Victor, C., Iliffe, S., Whincup, P., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5034-4 · Cited by 12
“It has been suggested [35] that specific cultural groups may respond better to interventions directly targeted at their needs, rather than to universal interventions.”
BackgroundBuscail, C., Menai, M., Salanave, B., Daval, P., Painsecq, M., Lombrail, P., Hercberg, S., & Julia, C. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3360-y · Cited by 12
“Auzet L, Février M, Lapinte A. Niveaux de vie et pauvreté en France.”
BackgroundInfluentialTekkus, B., & Mutluay, F. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295057 · Cited by 11
“Their benefits to physical health have been shown for older adults [1, 6, 7].”
BackgroundHoye, K. V., Wijtzes, A. I., Lefevre, J., Baere, S. D., & Boen, F. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5402-0 · Cited by 12
“So far, individually tailored exercise strategies and feedback interventions have shown promising results [9, 10].”
BackgroundKinnafick, F., Brinkley, A., Bailey, S., & Adams, E. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01204-w · Cited by 10
“Therefore, interventions designed to promote health in an aging population via sports-participation could improve acceptability and feasibility through practises adopted during the WN programme such as offering flexibility in setting-up, delivering and maintaining participation [64].”
BackgroundWilczynska, M., Jansson, A., Lubans, D., Smith, J., Robards, S. L., & Plotnikoff, R. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00823-1 · Cited by 10
Exploratory study of a virtual community for physical activity
Elloumi, L., van Beijnum, B. V., & Hermens, H. (2018) · Health technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-018-0221-y · Cited by 10
“Interventions based on face-to-face counselling or group sessions have proven to be the most effective [16].”
BackgroundZhao, Z., Mi, J., Jin, H., Li, S., & Xia, B. (2025) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04117-z · Cited by 12
“In high-SDI regions, personalized exercise prescriptions and strategies to reduce sedentary behavior are recommended [47].”
Saidi, L., Godbout, P., Morais-Savoie, C., Registe, P. P. W., & Bélanger, M. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05808-x · Cited by 9
“These interventions include information sharing [35], counseling [32, 34] and individual education [33].”
BackgroundRyom, K., Simonsen, C. B., Eshøj, S., Nielsen, G., Troelsen, J., & Maindal, H. T. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211042956 · Cited by 12
“Personal contact and suitable PA tailored to different inactivity groups (based on, for example, life-course) are highly necessary [27].”
BackgroundInfluentialMcDonald, M., Dombrowski, S., Skinner, R., Calveley, E., Carroll, P., Elders, A., Gray, C., Grindle, M., Harris, F., Jones, C., et al. (2020) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-020-01136-2 · Cited by 9
“This phenomenon is not exclusive to weight control, with men often underrepresented in health behaviour change interventions [6, 7].”
BackgroundEvidence to Improve Physical Activity among Medically Underserved Older adults: A Scoping Review
Hu, Y., Junge, K., Nguyen, A., Hiegel, K., Somerville, E. K., Keglovits, M., & Stark, S. L. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny030 · Cited by 11
Bachner, J., Sturm, D. J., García‐Massó, X., Molina‐García, J., & Demetriou, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580563 · Cited by 9
López-Román, F. J., Miñarro, F. I. T., Delsors-Merida-Nicolich, E., Fernández-López, L., Martínez-Ros, M. T., García-Sánchez, E., & Santiago, A. L. (2020) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2020.1760836 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of a successful aging promotion intervention program for middle-aged adults in Taiwan
Hsu, H., Chuang, S., Hsu, S., Tung, H., Chang, S.-C., Lee, M.-M., Wang, J., Kuo, L.-T., Tseng, F.-Y., & Anaja, P. (2019) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/1757975917702087 · Cited by 8
“Fitness showed significant improvement in BMI, waist measurements, blood pressure, and stretch ability, which were consistent with previous studies (11).”
ResultBest, K. L., Routhier, F., Sweet, S. N., Lacroix, É., Arbour‐Nicitopoulos, K. P., & Borisoff, J. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/10798 · Cited by 9
Rasmussen, L. G., Nielsen, R. O., Kallestrup, P., Hawkins, J. L., & Ryom, K. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948221098929 · Cited by 7
“However, research suggests that lack of tailored recruitment strategies and shortage of coaching skills (to support physically inactive individuals) [13–15] are key challenges in SCs aiming to engage physically inactive groups, such as individuals with chronic diseases and/or multimorbidity.”
BackgroundKirwan, M., Gwynne, K., Laing, T., Hay, M., Chowdhury, N., & Chiu, C. L. (2022) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology3020025 · Cited by 7
“In the general adult population, supervised group exercise sessions are an accepted and effective strategy for increasing physical activity in community-settings [16,17].”
BackgroundEkegren, C., Skouteris, H., Ayton, D., & Soh, S.-E. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04499-5 · Cited by 6
“Older adults have reported a preference for tailored exercise classes, that can be modified to adapt to any physical limitations and/ or disability [12].”
BackgroundA Scoping Review on Community-Based Programs to Promote Physical Activity in Older Immigrants.
Ali, S., Kennedy, M., & Salma, J. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2021-0258 · Cited by 6
Informing the Physical Activity Evaluation Framework: A Scoping Review of Reviews
Kosowan, L., Shannon, S., Rothney, J., Halas, G., Enns, J. E., Holmqvist, M., Wener, P. F., Goertzen, L. N., & Katz, A. (2021) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171211050059 · Cited by 12
“For example, authors mentioned that the socioecological model was used to assess the presence of each system in evaluation measures(52) or was used to design the program to attend to each of the socio-ecological systems defined in the model.(53) There were 26 different theoretical approaches mentioned by the reviews o…”
Best, K., Bourassa, S., Sweet, S., & Routhier, F. (2021) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine (JSCM) · doi:10.1080/10790268.2021.1986308 · Cited by 6
Apps zur Förderung von körperlicher Aktivität
Wichmann, F., Sill, J., Hassenstein, M. J., Zeeb, H., & Pischke, C. (2018) · Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung · doi:10.1007/s11553-018-0678-6 · Cited by 6
Individual and Group-Based Engagement in an Online Physical Activity Monitoring Program in Georgia
Smith, M., Durrett, N. K., Bowie, M., Berg, A. C., McCullick, B., LoPilato, A. C., & Murray, D. (2018) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd15.170223 · Cited by 6
Integrative Review of Nurse-delivered Community-Based Physical Activity Promotion.
Richards, E. A., & Cai, Y. (2016) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2016.02.004 · Cited by 6
“Tailoring intervention content was also important in the success of interventions (Bock et al., 2014).”
BackgroundOwen, G., Fahy, K., & Barr, B. (2023) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2023-220891 · Cited by 5
“5 Cost can be a barrier to physical activity and studies have found that interventions reducing the cost of engaging in physical activity have been more effective in more socioeconomically disadvantaged groups than in more affluent groups.”
BackgroundWong, E. Y.-S., Lee, A. H., James, A. P., & Jancey, J. M. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2562-2 · Cited by 5
“For example, a systematic review of 17 community-based interventions indicated that PA and nutrition interventions incorporating face-to-face counselling and group session modes of delivery were most effective in a community-based setting [13].”
BackgroundCarter, E., Douglas, C. C., & Saxton, J. (2025) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2025.2597312 · Cited by 4
“…interventions should implement positive word-of-mouth recruitment, which is reported as one of the most effective methods of recruitment for community-based interventions (Bock et al., 2014) through building relationships with cross-sectoral community stakeholders and improving referral pathways.”
Lorenzo, E., Page, J., Wong, R., & Lyons, E. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-025-01783-y · Cited by 4
Jansson, A. K., Beacroft, S., Mattern, V., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0021 · Cited by 4
Woods, C. B., O’Regan, A., Doyle, C. B., Hayes, G., Clifford, A. M., Donnelly, A., Gillespie, P., Glynn, L. G., Murphy, A. W., Sheikhi, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1348110 · Cited by 3
Initial Positive Indications with Wearable Fitness Technology Followed by Relapse: What’s Going On?
Parker, J., Johnson, U., & Ivarsson, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13147704 · Cited by 4
“Numerous intervention programs, aimed to increase physical activity in sedentary people, have been developed and tested [4].”
BackgroundÁvila-Gandía, V., Sánchez-Macarro, M., Luque-Rubia, A. J., García-Sánchez, E., Cánovas, F., Santiago, A. L., & López-Román, F. J. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11040291 · Cited by 5
“Community-based interventions to promote physical activity in the general population have been a focus of increasing interest [11,12], and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) [13] recommend a moderate intensity aerobic training for at least 30 min on most (preferably…”
BackgroundRudolf, K., Dejonghe, L. A. L., Froböse, I., Lammer, F., Rückel, L.-M., Tetz, J., & Schaller, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050813 · Cited by 4
Parsons, K., Payne, S., Bhaska, L., Wallace, J., & Holt, N. (2025) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102867 · Cited by 3
Hartung, S., Houwaart, S., von Rüden, U., & Schaefer, I. (2025) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-025-04013-9 · Cited by 3
Miezah, D., Wright, J. A., & Hayman, L. L. (2024) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0025 · Cited by 3
Ekegren, C., Ayton, D., Skouteris, H., & Soh, S.-E. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2023-0199 · Cited by 3
Mellow, M. L., Hull, M. J., Smith, A. E., Wycherley, T. P., Girard, D., & Crozier, A. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03567-6 · Cited by 7
“This finding supports previous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of communitybased physical activity programs for older adults [34, 35].”
ResultGarcía-Sánchez, E., Ávila-Gandía, V., López-Román, F., Rubio-Arias, J., & Menárguez-Puche, J. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111894 · Cited by 3
Millstein, R. A., Golden, J. C., Healy, B., Amonoo, H., Harnedy, L. E., Carrillo, A., Celano, C., & Huffman, J. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2104724 · Cited by 3
“The type and intensity of physical activity interventions also appear to be an important predictor of success, such as inperson, group sessions, and those tailored for women and people of specific racial/ ethnic groups (Bock et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRiquier, O., Vuillemin, A., & van Hoye, A. (2022) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001261 · Cited by 3
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Jansen, C.-P., Nijland, D., Oppert, J., Alcan, V., Keskinen, K. E., Matikainen-Tervola, E., Pajalić, Z., Rantakokko, M., Tomsone, S., Tuomola, E.-M., et al. (2025) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/59570 · Cited by 2
“…[8,21], previous studies have also indicated that aspects of the social (eg, receiving social support) [22], socioeconomic (eg, area-level income) [23], and systemic (eg, ethnicity and climate) [24,25] environment are important to consider when implementing PA interventions among (older) adults.”
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Health promotion expectations and perceptions of sport club participants.
Tézier, B., Dogba, M., Beck, V., Gbeto, I. C., Vuillemin, A., Lemonnier, F., Rostan, F., Guillemin, F., & van Hoye, A. (2024) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daae075 · Cited by 2
Figueroa, C., Aguilera, A., Hoffmann, T., & Fukuoka, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-135211/v1 · Cited by 2
“Previous work shows that physical activity interventions are more effective when they are tailored to subgroups like women and ethnic minorities(28).”
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Farooqui, S., Khan, M. F., Seshadri, V. D., Alkhayl, F. F. A., Abalkhail, A., Akhtar, N., Alruwaili, T. G. J., Alamri, A. G., Albalawi, N. H., & Rashid, M. (2025) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v71.117291 · Cited by 2
“Face-to-face group sessions (Bock et al., 2014), peer support (Gyawali et al., 2019), and the involvement of community stakeholders (e.g., teachers, park administrators, local government) were repeatedly associated with greater engagement and improved outcomes.”
Houser, N., Erlandson, M. C., Ferguson, L. J., Hellsten, L., Stoddart, A., & Humbert, M. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0462 · Cited by 1
Ellinger, J., Eipel, L., & Mall, C. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00706-3 · Cited by 1
“In general, it can be assumed that this proportion is very high, especially when compared with the few available and reported figures in interventions also aiming at PA in children and adolescents [1, 3, 20].”
Kolovou, V., Kolosowska, A., Embling, R., Mchugh, N., Bradley, J., & Pilkington, P. (2024) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0205 · Cited by 1
Leatherdale, S., Burns, K. E., Qian, W., Faulkner, G., & Carson, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063083 · Cited by 1
“, do not just target infants and children but also youth and adult populations) [28].”
BackgroundEggers, R., Pagel, E., & Ausderau, K. (2018) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2018.72s1-po8028 · Cited by 1
Simamane, M. J., & Mathunjwa, M. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1833314
Mourre, M.-L., & Helme-Guizon, A. (2026) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103430
Swinney, K. B., Barr‐Anderson, D. J., Antunovic, D., Slaughter-Acey, J. C., Harris, V., Fairley, K., Seay, T., & Lewis, B. A. (2026) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-026-04616-7
“Engagement in the program may have been impacted by the lack of a strong relationship with the recruitment sources [13, 50].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bock, C., Jarczok, M. N., & Litaker, D.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bock, Christina
- Venue
- Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 276-282
- ISSN
- 1440-2440 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2131305741
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 0.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of science and medicine in sport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- physical activity interventions, community-based intervention, sedentary lifestyle, mode of delivery, face-to-face counseling, public health campaigns, personalized interventions, intervention effectiveness, study quality, subpopulations, ethnic groups, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Community Participation, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Research Design, Residence Characteristics, Exercise
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