Using Internet and Mobile Phone Technology to Deliver an Automated Physical Activity Program: Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The Internet has potential as a medium for health behavior change programs, but no controlled studies have yet evaluated the impact of a fully automated physical activity intervention over several months with real-time objective feedback from a monitor. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the impact of a physical activity program based on the Internet and mobile phone technology provided to individuals for 9 weeks. METHODS: A single-center, randomized, stratified controlled trial was conducted from September to December 2005 in Bedfordshire, United Kingdom, with 77 healthy adults whose mean age was 40.4 years (SD = 7.6) and mean body mass index was 26.3 (SD = 3.4). Participants were randomized to a test group that had access to an Internet and mobile phone-based physical activity program (n = 47) or to a control group (n = 30) that received no support. The test group received tailored solutions for perceived barriers, a schedule to plan weekly exercise sessions with mobile phone and email reminders, a message board to share their experiences with others, and feedback on their level of physical activity. Both groups were issued a wrist-worn accelerometer to monitor their level of physical activity; only the test group received real-time feedback via the Internet. The main outcome measures were accelerometer data and self-report of physical activity. RESULTS: At the end of the study period, the test group reported a significantly greater increase over baseline than did the control group for perceived control (P < .001) and intention/expectation to exercise (P < .001). Intent-to-treat analyses of both the accelerometer data (P = .02) and leisure time self-report data (P = .03) found a higher level of moderate physical activity in the test group. The average increase (over the control group) in accelerometer-measured moderate physical activity was 2 h 18 min per week. The test group also lost more percent body fat than the control group (test group: -2.18, SD = 0.59; control group: -0.17, SD = 0.81; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: A fully automated Internet and mobile phone-based motivation and action support system can significantly increase and maintain the level of physical activity in healthy adults.
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Studies on the effectiveness of SMS messages for health promotion have also shown improvements in the outcomes of care.
“Studies on the effectiveness of SMS messages for health promotion have also shown improvements in the outcomes of care.”
From Impacts of e-health on the outcomes of care in low- and middle-income countries: where do we go from here? (2012) · cites this paper as [53]
The Abstract Results report greater physical activity and a reduction in percent body fat in the intervention group. But the Methods describe text messages as optional components of a broader Internet, email, and mobile-phone program, and the Discussion says the study cannot determine which components were effective. It therefore does not show that SMS messages themselves improved outcomes of care. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial cognitive theory was the main theoretical basis for the weight loss, diet, and physical activity interventions, though one study cited the theory of planned behavior.
“Consistent with the more general weight loss intervention literature, Social Cognitive Theory was the primary theoretical basis for these interventions although the Theory of Planned Behavior was cited by one study [38].”
From Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: are our theories up to the task? (2011) · cites this paper as [38]
Prompts hold great promise, particularly when mobile phones, PDAs, pagers, and other wireless devices are integrated.
“The use of prompts has significant potential, particularly given the possible integration of mobile phones, PDAs, pagers, and other wireless devices that can all be employed in the deliverance of prompts [29, 30].”
From A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions (2009) · cites this paper as [29]
Social referencing engagement type has been applied in only 4 studies.
“both the social presentation [7,48,61,68] and social referencing [7,8,48,85] engagement types have been applied in only 4 studies.”
From The Comparative Effectiveness of Mobile Phone Interventions in Improving Health Outcomes: Meta-Analytic Review (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Mobile health promotion interventions using text messaging or portable devices have produced favorable outcomes in weight loss, physical activity, smoking cessation, and anxiety.
“These interventions have produced favorable outcomes in areas such as weight loss, physical activity, smoking cessation, and anxiety [3-7].”
Frequency of program use decreasing over the course of the intervention is common in nontherapist-assisted eMental Health interventions.
“However, as is common in nontherapist-assisted eMental Health interventions [22,25,26], frequency of program use decreased over the course of the intervention, emphasizing the need to identify program features that promote more regular program engagement.”
From Breaking open the black box: isolating the most potent features of a web and mobile phone-based intervention for depression, anxiety, and stress (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Hurling, R., Catt, M., De Boni, M., Fairley, B. W., Hurst, T., Murray, P., Richardson, A., & Sodhi, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Unilever (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Tessella (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hurling, Robert
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2007-04-27
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e7
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1874722
- OpenAlex
- W2160750510
- Cited by
- 536
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 55.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- physical activity interventions, online intervention, mobile phone reminders, automated intervention, real-time feedback, accelerometer monitoring, exercise motivation, perceived control, fat loss, health behavior change, online message boards, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, United Kingdom, Health Promotion, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Motor Activity, Patient Compliance, Health Behavior, Patient Satisfaction, Internet, Cell Phone
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