Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) among psychiatric out-patients in Sweden: Relations with season, age, ethnic origin and psychiatric diagnosis
Abstract
In a chart review at a psychiatric out-patient department, latitude 59.3 degrees N, a sample of patients with tests of serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) and plasma intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was collected, together with demographic data and psychiatric diagnoses. During 19 months, 117 patients were included. Their median 25-OHD was 45 nmol/l; considerably lower than published reports on Swedish healthy populations. Only 14.5% had recommended levels (over 75). In 56.4%, 25-OHD was under 50 nmol/l, which is related to several unfavourable health outcomes. Seasonal variation of 25-OHD was blunted. Patients with ADHD had unexpectedly low iPTH levels. Middle East, South-East Asian or African ethnic origin, being a young male and having a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia predicted low 25-OHD levels. Hence, the diagnoses that have been hypothetically linked to developmental (prenatal) vitamin D deficiency, schizophrenia and autism, had the lowest 25-OHD levels in this adult sample, supporting the notion that vitamin D deficiency may not only be a predisposing developmental factor but also relate to the adult patients' psychiatric state. This is further supported by the considerable psychiatric improvement that coincided with vitamin D treatment in some of the patients whose deficiency was treated.
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Autistic and schizophrenic patients had the lowest median 25(OH)D concentrations compared to other psychiatric disorders, 32 (25th-75th percentile, 23-39) nmol/L and 35 (24-53) nmol/L, respectively, vs. >40 in other patients.
“Autistic and schizophrenic patients had the lowest median 25(OH)D concentrations compared to other psychiatric disorders, 32 (25th–75th percentile, 23–39) nmol/L and 35 (24–53) nmol/L, respectively, vs. >40 in other patients.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [119]
No conclusion can be drawn from Humble et al. because it was not designed to assess the efficacy of vitamin D on autism, no placebo or control arm was included, different doses and types of vitamin D were used, and levels of 25(OH)D after treatment were not reported.
“No conclusion can be drawn from this study because it was not designed to assess the efficacy of vitamin D on autism and it was part of clinical practice, no placebo or control arm was included, different doses and types of vitamin D was used, and levels of 25(OH)D after treatment was not reported.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [119]
Humble et al. (2010) reported a considerable improvement in psychosis or depression with the effective treatment of vitamin D deficiency in several patients.
“Humble et al. (2010), in a clinical quality assurance project, reported a considerable improvement in psychosis or depression with the effective treatment of vitamin D deficiency in several patients.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [119]
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- Authors
- Humble, M. B., Gustafsson, S., & Bejerot, S.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Humble, Mats B.
- Venue
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 467-470
- ISSN
- 0960-0760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158479500
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, psychiatric outpatients, seasonal variation, parathyroid hormone, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ethnicity, age, vitamin D supplementation, adult psychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Mental Disorders, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatients, Quality Control, Seasons, Sweden, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency
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