The role of cholesterol metabolism and various steroid abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: A hypothesis paper
Open accessAbstract
Based on evidence from the relevant research literature, we present a hypothesis that there may be a link between cholesterol, vitamin D, and steroid hormones which subsequently impacts on the development of at least some of the “autisms” [Coleman & Gillberg]. Our hypothesis, driven by the peer reviewed literature, posits that there may be links between cholesterol metabolism, which we will refer to as “steroid metabolism” and findings of steroid abnormalities of various kinds (cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research investigating these potential links is warranted to further our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying ASD.Autism Res2017. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.Autism Res 2017, 10: 1022–1044. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Decreased neuroactive steroid levels and sterol-related abnormal levels of cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and vitamin D have been reported in ASD.
“Decreased neuroactive steroid levels [11] and sterol-related abnormal levels of cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and vitamin D have been reported in ASD [12–14].”
From Sterol and lipid analyses identifies hypolipidemia and apolipoprotein disorders in autism associated with adaptive functioning deficits (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
The Testosterone in Autism Spectrum Disorders section reports elevated fetal progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol in a study of males later diagnosed with ASD. The Vitamin D in Autism Spectrum Disorders section reports vitamin D deficiency in at least a subgroup. The Estrogens in Autism Spectrum Disorder section discusses estrogen-related genes and signaling, but does not establish abnormal estrogen levels; the paper also treats a common sterol-related mechanism as a hypothesis. The separate claim about decreased neuroactive steroids is attached to citation [11], not this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554 · see citing works
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154 · see citing works
Holick, M. F. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra070553 · Cited by 13,720 · see citing works
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349 · see citing works
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065 · see citing works
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870 · see citing works
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f · Cited by 3,399 · see citing works
The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation
Gimpl, G., & Fahrenholz, F. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629 · Cited by 3,089 · see citing works
Autistic disturbances of affective contact.
Kanner, L. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 2,273 · see citing works
Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis
Herman, J. P., & Cullinan, W. E. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10069-2 · Cited by 2,270 · see citing works
The extreme male brain theory of autism
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01904-6 · Cited by 2,007 · see citing works
Guide to receptors and channels (GRAC), 5th edition
Alexander, S., Mathie, A., & Peters, J. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01649_1.x · Cited by 1,947 · see citing works
Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones
Payne, A. H., & Hales, D. B. (2004) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0030 · Cited by 1,766 · see citing works
The Extreme Male-Brain Theory of Autism
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4945.003.0023 · Cited by 1,413 · see citing works
Muhle, R., Trentacoste, S. V., & Rapin, I. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.113.5.e472 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
INCREASED SKIN PIGMENT REDUCES THE CAPACITY OF SKIN TO SYNTHESISE VITAMIN D3
Clemens, T. L., Henderson, S. L., Adams, J. S., & Holick, M. F. (1982) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90214-8 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders.
Guastella, A. J., Einfeld, S. L., Gray, K. M., Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Lambert, T. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.020 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders.
Andari, E., Duhamel, J.-R., Zalla, T., Herbrecht, E., Leboyer, M., & Sirigu, A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910249107 · Cited by 941 · see citing works
Defective cholesterol biosynthesis associated with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
Tint, G. S., Irons, M., Elias, E. R., Batta, A. K., Frieden, R., Chen, T. S., & Salen, G. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199401133300205 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
‘Autistic psychopathy’ in childhood
Asperger, H. (1991) · Autism and Asperger Syndrome · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526770.002 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children
Modahl, C., Green, L. A., Fein, D., Morris, M., Waterhouse, L., Feinstein, C., & Levin, H. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00439-3 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Glover, V. A. S., & the AL SPAC Study Team (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00187 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
The cortisol awakening response - normal values and confounds.
Wüst, S., Wolf, J. M., Hellhammer, D. H., Federenko, I. S., Schommer, N. C., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Oxytocin Increases Retention of Social Cognition in Autism
Hollander, E., Bartz, J., Chaplin, W., Phillips, A., Sumner, J., Soorya, L., Anagnostou, E., & Wasserman, S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.030 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Oxytocin Infusion Reduces Repetitive Behaviors in Adults with Autistic and Asperger's Disorders
Hollander, E., Novotny, S., Hanratty, M., Yaffe, R., DeCaria, C. M., Aronowitz, B. R., & Mosovich, S. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300021 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Smalley, S. L., Tanguay, P. E., Smith, M., & Gutierrez, G. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01048239 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Gender Dysphoric Children and Adolescents
de Vries, A. L. C., Noens, I. L. J., Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. A., & DORELEIJERS, T. A. H. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism
Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Nørgaard-Pedersen, B., Hougaard, D. M., Abdallah, M. W., Melgaard, L., Cohen, A. S., Chakrabarti, B., Ruta, L., & Lombardo, M. V. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.48 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Fetal testosterone and autistic traits
Auyeung, B., Baron‐Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2009) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712608x311731 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Diffusion tensor imaging in autism spectrum disorder: a review
Travers, B. G., Adluru, N., Ennis, C., Tromp, D. P. M., Destiche, D., Doran, S., Bigler, E. D., Lange, N., Lainhart, J. E., & Alexander, A. L. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1243 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Mutations in the Human Sterol Δ7-Reductase Gene at 11q12-13 Cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
Wassif, C. A., Maslen, C., Kachilele-Linjewile, S., Lin, D., Linck, L. M., Connor, W. E., Steiner, R. D., & Porter, F. D. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301936 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: Relevance for autism
Patrick, R. P., & Ames, B. N. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.13-246546 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Oxytocin and autistic disorder: alterations in peptide forms
Green, L., Fein, D., Modahl, C., Feinstein, C., Waterhouse, L., & Morris, M. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01139-8 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
A Review of the Role of Female Gender in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P. G., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1811-1 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Autism, oxytocin and interoception
Quattrocki, E., & Friston, K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.012 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Herbert, M. R. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e328336a01f · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Anagnostou, E., Soorya, L., Chaplin, W., Bartz, J., Halpern, D., Wasserman, S., Wang, A. T., Pepa, L., Tanel, N., Kushki, A., et al. (2012) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-3-16 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions
Wing, L. (1981) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management
Porter, F. D. (2008) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.10 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Posserud, M., Lundervold, A. J., & Gillberg, C. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01462.x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationBiological sex affects the neurobiology of autism
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Suckling, J., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Chakrabarti, B., Ecker, C., Deoni, S. C. L., Craig, M. C., Murphy, D. G. M., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt216 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Chakrabarti, B., Dudbridge, F., Kent, L., Wheelwright, S., Hill‐Cawthorne, G., Allison, C., Banerjee‐Basu, S., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2009) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.80 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Increased Gender Variance in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L. E., Dominska, A., Sokoloff, J. L., Kenealy, L. E., Berl, M. M., Walsh, K. S., Menvielle, E. J., Slesaransky-Poe, G., Kim, K.-E., et al. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0285-3 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Cannell, J. J. (2007) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.08.016 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in women with autism spectrum conditions
Ingudomnukul, E., Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Knickmeyer, R. C. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.02.001 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development
Whitehouse, A. J. O., Holt, B. J., Serralha, M., Holt, P. G., Kusel, M. M. H., & Hart, P. H. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2644 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Cortisol circadian rhythms and response to stress in children with autism
Corbett, B. A., Mendoza, S., Abdullah, M., Wegelin, J. A., & Levine, S. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.05.011 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on the neural basis of face processing in autism spectrum disorder
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Kumbier, E., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.007 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Association of tuberous sclerosis of temporal lobes with autism and atypical autism
Bolton, P., & Griffiths, P. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)80012-8 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Saad, K., Abdel-rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., Cannell, J. J., Bjørklund, G., Abdel-Reheim, M. K., Othman, H. A. K., El-Houfey, A. A., Abd El-Aziz, N. H. R., et al. (2016) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/1476830515y.0000000019 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
STRESS, AROUSAL, AND THE PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM: A PSYCHOENDOCRINE HYPOTHESIS
Hennessy, J. W., & Levine, S. (1979) · Cited by 238 · see citing works
AUTISTIC BEHAVIOUR AND ATTENTION DEFICITS IN TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS: A POPULATION‐BASED STUDY
Gillberg, J. C., Gillberg, C., & Ahlsén, G. (1994) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11765.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurofunctional mechanisms in autism
Waterhouse, L., Fein, D., & Modahl, C. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.457 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Wiznitzer, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738040190090701 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Foetal testosterone and autistic traits in 18 to 24-month-old children
Auyeung, B., Taylor, K., Hackett, G., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2010) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-11 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Smalley, S. L. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026052421693 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Comparing cortisol, stress, and sensory sensitivity in children with autism
Corbett, B. A., Schupp, C. W., Levine, S., & Mendoza, S. P. (2009) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.64 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The near universal presence of autism spectrum disorders in children with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Sikora, D. M., Pettit‐Kekel, K., Penfield, J., Merkens, L. S., & Steiner, R. D. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31294 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Functional brain networks and white matter underlying theory-of-mind in autism
Kana, R. K., Libero, L. E., Hu, C. P., Deshpande, H. D., & Colburn, J. S. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss106 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Reduced bone cortical thickness in boys with autism or autism spectrum disorder
Hediger, M. L., England, L. J., Molloy, C. A., Yu, K. F., Manning-Courtney, P., & Mills, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0453-6 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Cholesterol in myelin biogenesis and hypomyelinating disorders
Saher, G., & Stumpf, S. K. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.010 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Androgens and autistic traits: A study of individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Knickmeyer, R. C., Baron‐Cohen, S., Fane, B. A., Wheelwright, S. J., Mathews, G. A., Conway, G. S., Brook, C. G. D., & Hines, M. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.02.006 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex is related to both cortical and subcortical dysfunction
Asano, E., Chugani, D. C., Muzik, O., Behen, M. E., Janisse, J. J., Rothermel, R. D., Mangner, T. J., Chakraborty, P. K., & Chugani, H. T. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.7.1269 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Vitamin D and autism: Clinical review
Kočovská, E., Fernell, E., Billstedt, E., Minnis, H., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.015 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationSexual orientation after prenatal exposure to exogenous estrogen
Ehrhardt, A. Α., Meyer‐Bahlburg, H. F. L., Rosen, L. R., Feldman, J. F., Veridiano, N. P., Zimmerman, I., & McEwen, B. S. (1985) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01541353 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Mostafa, G. A., & AL-Ayadhi, L. Y. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-201 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Leffell, D. J., & Brash, D. E. (1996) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0796-52 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Wassif, C. A. (2001) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/10.6.555 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Abnormalities of cholesterol metabolism in autism spectrum disorders
Tierney, E., Bukelis, I., Thompson, R. E., Ahmed, K., Aneja, A., Kratz, L., & Kelley, R. I. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30368 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The extreme male brain revisited: gender coherence in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Bejerot, S., Eriksson, J. M., Bonde, S., Carlström, K., Humble, M. B., & Eriksson, E. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097899 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder and low vitamin D at birth: A sibling control study
Fernell, E., Bejerot, S., Westerlund, J., Miniscalco, C., Simila, H., Eyles, D., Gillberg, C., & Humble, M. B. (2015) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-3 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced serum levels of 25-hydroxy and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D in egyptian children with autism
Meguid, N. A., Hashish, A. F., Anwar, M., & Sidhom, G. (2010) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0349 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Autism, ethnicity and maternal immigration
Keen, D. V., Reid, F. D., & Arnone, D. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065490 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Plasma β‐Endorphin, Adrenocorticotropin Hormone, and Cortisol in Autism
Tordjman, S., McBride, P., Hertzig, M. E., Snow, M. E., Anderson, G. M., Hall, L. M., Thompson, S., Ferrari, P., & Cohen, D. J. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01697.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Tachibana, M., Kagitani-Shimono, K., Mohri, I., Yamamoto, T., Sanefuji, W., Nakamura, A., Oishi, M., Kimura, T., Onaka, T., Ozono, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2012.0048 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Miller, M., Bales, K. L., Taylor, S. L., Yoon, J., Hostetler, C. M., Carter, C. S., & Solomon, M. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1270 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Variable cortisol circadian rhythms in children with autism and anticipatory stress
Corbett, B. A., Mendoza, S. P., Wegelin, J. A., Carmean, V., & Levine, S. D. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0823 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Grant, W. B., & Soles, C. M. (2009) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.1.4.9500 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Core Symptoms of Autism Improved After Vitamin D Supplementation
Jia, F., Wang, B., Shan, L., Xu, Z., Staal, W. G., & Du, L. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2121 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Christodoulou, S., Goula, T., Ververidis, A. N., & Drosos, G. A. (2012) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/396541 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Kosidou, K., Dalman, C., Widman, L., Arver, S., Lee, B. K., Magnusson, C., & Gardner, R. M. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.183 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Baieli, S., Pavone, L., Meli, C., Fiumara, A., & Coleman, M. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022999712639 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Imaging sex/gender and autism in the brain: Etiological implications
Lai, M., Lerch, J. P., Floris, D. L., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Pohl, A. L., Lombardo, M. V., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23948 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Crider, A., Thakkar, R., Ahmed, A. O., & Pillai, A. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-46 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism
Landén, M., Wålinder, J., & Lundström, B. (1996) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10638.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
ASSOCIATION OF FRAGILE X SYNDROME WITH AUTISM
Brown, W. T., Friedman, E., Jenkins, E. C., Brooks, J., Wisniewski, K. E., Raguthu, S., & French, J. H. (1982) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90231-8 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Humble, M. B., Gustafsson, S., & Bejerot, S. (2010) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Autism and Oxytocin: New Developments in Translational Approaches to Therapeutics
Green, J. J., & Hollander, E. (2010) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.006 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
What is the role of vitamin D in autism?
Cannell, J. J., & Grant, W. B. (2013) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.24356 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Sexuality and Gender Role in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Control Study
Bejerot, S., & Eriksson, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087961 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Urinary cortisol circadian rhythm in a group of high-functioning children with autism
Richdale, A. L., & Prior, M. R. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01048245 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dealberto, M.-J. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01662.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Reduced cholesterol levels impair Smoothened activation in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Blassberg, R. A., MacRae, J. I., Briscoe, J., & Jacob, J. (2015) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddv507 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Nishimori, K., Takayanagi, Y., YOSHIDA, M., Kasahara, Y., YOUNG, L., & Kawamata, M. (2008) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00408-1 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Disc degeneration implies low back pain
Zheng, C., & Chen, J. (2015) · Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling · doi:10.1186/s12976-015-0020-3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Prevalence of autism in children born to Somali parents living in Sweden: a brief report
Olsson, M. B., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2008) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03036.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationTestosterone and its metabolites--modulators of brain functions.
Durdiaková, J., Ostatníková, D., & Celec, P. (2011) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2011-1863 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptors: ligand binding, signalling and cholesterol dependence
Gimpl, G., Reitz, J., Brauer, S., & TROSSEN, C. (2008) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00417-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Alexander, S., Mathie, A. A., & Peters, J. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01649_3.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tordjman, S., Anderson, G. M., Kermarrec, S., Bonnot, O., Geoffray, M., Brailly‐Tabard, S., Chaouch, A., Colliot, I., Trabado, S., Bronsard, G., et al. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.010 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Corbett, B. A., Schupp, C. W., & Lanni, K. E. (2012) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-3-13 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Male predominance in autism: neuroendocrine influences on arousal and social anxiety
Pfaff, D. W., Rapin, I., & Goldman, S. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.191 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Autism: The role of cholesterol in treatment
Aneja, A., & Tierney, E. (2008) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260801889062 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bukelis, I., Porter, F. D., Zimmerman, A. W., & Tierney, E. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020315 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Chinese children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gong, Z.-L., Luo, C.-M., Wang, L., Shen, L., Wei, F., Tong, R.-J., & Liu, Y. (2014) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000034 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Bener, A., Khattab, A., & Al-Dabbagh, M. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences · doi:10.4103/1817-1745.147574 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Segatto, M., Trapani, L., Di Tunno, I., Sticozzi, C., Valacchi, G., Hayek, J., & Pallottini, V. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104834 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Tordjman, S., Ferrari, P., Sulmont, V., Duyme, M., & Roubertoux, P. L. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1626-a · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Whitehouse, A., Mattes, E., Maybery, M. T., Dissanayake, C., SAWYER, M. G., Jones, R., Pennell, C. E., Keelan, J. A., & Hickey, M. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-25 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Molecular Autism: accelerating and integrating research into neurodevelopmental conditions
Buxbaum, J. D., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2010) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Oxytocin-augmented labor and risk for autism in males
Weisman, O., Agerbo, E., Carter, C. S., Harris, J. C., Uldbjerg, N., Henriksen, T. B., Thygesen, M., Mortensen, P. B., Leckman, J. F., & Dalsgaard, S. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.028 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Buxbaum, J. D., Betancur, C., Bozdagi, O., Dorr, N. P., Elder, G. A., & Hof, P. R. (2012) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-3-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Autism in immigrants: children born in Sweden to mothers born in Uganda
Gillberg, C., Schaumann, H., & Gillberg, I. C. (1995) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00482.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationChild and Adolescent Psychiatric Presentations of Second-Generation Afro-Caribbeans in Britain
Goodman, R., & Richards, H. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.167.3.362 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Brosnan, M., Turner‐Cobb, J. M., Munro-Naan, Z., & Jessop, D. S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.011 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Does oxytocin deficiency mediate social deficits in autism?
Modahl, C., FEIN, D. A., Waterhouse, L. H., & Newton, N. R. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01048246 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., Sweeney, J. A., & McFarlane, J. R. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.12.011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Altered oxytocin and vasopressin levels in autistic children in Central Saudi Arabia
AL-Ayadhi, L. Y. (2005) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.1311 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Waage-Baudet, H., Lauder, J. M., Dehart, D. B., Kluckman, K. D., Hiller, S., Tint, G. S., & Sulik, K. K. (2003) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2003.09.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
CHOLESTEROL AND DEVELOPMENT: THE RSH ("SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ") SYNDROME AND RELATED CONDITIONS
Opitz, J. M., Gilbert‐Barness, E., Ackerman, J., & Lowichik, A. (2002) · Fetal and Pediatric Pathology · doi:10.1080/15227950252852078 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Selected vitamin D metabolic gene variants and risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder in the charge study
Schmidt, R. J., Hansen, R. L., Hartiala, J., Allayee, H., Sconberg, J. L., Schmidt, L. C., Volk, H. E., & Tassone, F. (2015) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.05.008 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Autism prevalence in the united states with respect to solar UV-B doses: An ecological study
Grant, W. B., & Cannell, J. J. (2013) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.22942 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Theodosis, D. T., Koksma, J.-J., Trailin, A., Langle, S. L., Piet, R., Lodder, J. C., Timmerman, J. A., Mansvelder, H., Poulain, D., Oliet, S., et al. (2006) · Molecular and cellular neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2006.01.006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Vitamin D in the general population of young adults with autism in the faroe islands
Kočovská, E., Andorsdóttir, G., Weihe, P., Halling, J., Fernell, E., Stóra, T., Biskupstø, R., Gillberg, I. C., Shea, R., Billstedt, E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2155-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism, will vitamin D treat core symptoms?
Cannell, J. J. (2013) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Taurines, R., Schwenck, C., Lyttwin, B., Schecklmann, M., Jans, T., Reefschläger, L., Geissler, J. M., Gerlach, M., & Romanos, M. (2014) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0145-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cholesterol levels in Fragile X syndrome
Berry‐Kravis, E., Levin, R., Shah, H., Mathur, S., Darnell, J. C., & Ouyang, B. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36850 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Children with high-functioning autism show a normal cortisol awakening response (CAR)
Zinke, K., Fries, E., Kliegel, M., Kirschbaum, C., & Dettenborn, L. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.03.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Plasma 25(OH)D concentration in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Molloy, C. A., Kalkwarf, H. J., Manning‐Courtney, P., Mills, J. L., & Hediger, M. L. (2010) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03704.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
van Rijn, S., Stockmann, L., Buggenhout, G. V., van Ravenswaaij‐Arts, C. M. A., & Swaab, H. (2014) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12134 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dziobek, I., Gold, S. M., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.02.003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz Syndrome: Neuropathological and Ophthalmological Observations
Fierro, M. F., Martinez, A. J., Harbison, J. W., & Hay, S. H. (1977) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1977.tb08021.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Adolescence, stress and cortisol in autism spectrum disorders
Corbett, B., & Simon, D. (2013) · OA Autism · doi:10.13172/2052-7810-1-1-348 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Marcos, J., Guo, L., Wilson, W. K., Porter, F. D., & Shackleton, C. H. L. (2003) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2003.09.013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in children with autism
Tostes, M. H. F. D. S., Polonini, H. C., Gattaz, W. F., Raposo, N. R. B., & Baptista, E. B. (2012) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/s2237-60892012000300008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Jiang, X.-S., Wassif, C. A., Backlund, P. S., Li, S., Holtzclaw, L. A., Li, Z., Yergey, A. L., & Porter, F. D. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of cholesterol manipulation on the signaling of the human oxytocin receptor
Reversi, A., Rimoldi, V., Brambillasca, S., & Chini, B. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00333.2006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) in male children with autism spectrum disorder
Corbett, B. A., & Schupp, C. W. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Schengrund, C., Ali-Rahmani, F. G., & Ramer, J. C. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-011-0697-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A novel hypothesis for atherosclerosis as a cholesterol sulfate deficiency syndrome
Seneff, S., Davidson, R. M., Lauritzen, A., Samsel, A., & Wainwright, G. (2015) · Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling · doi:10.1186/s12976-015-0006-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Serum vitamin D and folate levels in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Uğur, Ç., & Gürkan, C. K. (2014) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.09.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Testing the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism: Let the data speak for themselves
Baron-Cohen, S. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000336 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Meljon, A., Watson, G. L., Wang, Y., Shackleton, C. H. L., & Griffiths, W. J. (2013) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Salivary testosterone levels and autism-spectrum quotient in adults.
Takagishi, H., Takahashi, T., Yamagishi, T., Shinada, M., Inukai, K., Tanida, S., Mifune, N., Horita, Y., Hashimoto, H., Yang, Y., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hypothesis: The Role of Sterols in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lee, R. W. Y., & Tierney, E. (2011) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/653570 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol levels and challenging behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder
Lydon, S., Healy, O., Roche, M., Henry, R. J., Mulhern, T., & Hughes, B. M. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.020 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Debate and Argument: Is Autism a Pervasive Developmental Disorder?
Gillberg, C. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00357.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe link between oral contraceptive use and prevalence in autism spectrum disorder
Strifert, K. (2014) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.026 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Quantitative Profiling of Brain Lipid Raft Proteome in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome
Kalinowska, M., Castillo, C., & Francesconi, A. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121464 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Autism and vitamin D: an intervention study
Azzam, H. M. E., Sayyah, H., Youssef, S., Lotfy, H., Abdelhamid, I. A., Abd Elhamed, H. A., & Maher, S. (2015) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.xme.0000457269.05570.78 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yang, C.-J., Tan, H.-P., Yang, F.-Y., Liu, C., Sang, B., Zhu, X., & Du, Y. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.012 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Might cholesterol sulfate deficiency contribute to the development of autistic spectrum disorder?
Seneff, S., Davidson, R. M., & Mascitelli, L. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.026 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
FEIN, D. A., Green, L., & Waterhouse, L. H. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012267805-9/50011-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ucuz, İ. İ., Dursun, O. B., Esin, İ. S., Özgeriş, F. B., Kurt, N., Kiziltunç, A., & Orbak, Z. (2015) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1179/2047387714y.0000000054 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Decreased cerebral spinal fluid neurotransmitter levels in Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome
Sparks, S. E., Wassif, C. A., Goodwin, H., Conley, S. K., Lanham, D. C., Kratz, L. E., Hyland, Κ., Gropman, A. L., Tierney, E., & Porter, F. D. (2014) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-013-9672-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome from stored filter paper blood specimens
Starck, L. (2000) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.82.6.490 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chapter 14 The cell biology and development of vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons
Gainer, H., Altstein, M., & Whitnall, M. H. (1987) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60204-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Whitehouse, A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12628 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Establishing sexual dimorphism in humans.
Angelopoulou, R., Lavranos, G. M., & Manolakou, P. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Empathizing, Systemizing, Intuitive Physics and Folk Psychology in Boys with Asperger Syndrome
Krajmer, P., Jánošíková, D., & Ostatníková, D. (2010) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lecis, C., & Segatto, M. (2014) · Journal of Neurology and Neurological Disorders · doi:10.15744/2454-4981.1.101 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Proteomics and Cholesterol in Autism
Wormwood, A. G. W. K. L. (2013) · Autism - Open Access · doi:10.4172/2165-7890.1000112 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Autistic Symptoms in Late Diagnosed Phenylketonuric Children in Upper Egypt
Saad, K., Hammad, E., Abdelrahman, A. A., & Sobhy, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Neurology Research · doi:10.4021/jnr.v3i3-4.221 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Environmental Influences on Biochemistry in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wormwood, K. L. (2014) · Autism - Open Access · doi:10.4172/2165-7890.1000e123 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Genetically based correlates of serum oxytocin and testosterone in autism and schizotypy
Crespi, B. J., & Hurd, P. L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.052 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fetal Testosterone in Mind: Implications for Autism
Bonnie Auyeung, B., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2012) · Research and perspectives in endocrine interactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33721-5_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oxytocin but Not Testosterone Modulates Behavioral Patterns in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Lakatošová, S., Sheinberg, N., Pivovarciova, A., Husarova, V. M., Rozenfeld, I., Ostatníková, D., & Castejon, A. M. (2014) · Open Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.4236/ojmp.2014.31006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cholesterol Use in Autism Treatment
Diaz‐Stransky, A., & Tierney, E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_147 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Establishing Sexual Dimorphism in Human
Angelopoulou, R., Lavranos, G., & Μανωλάκου, Π. (2006) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Disordered cholesterol metabolism in autism spectrum disorders sterol and genetic analyses
Pearson, J. (2010) · doi:10.6083/m4ht2m8j · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Irwin (2001) · doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20010115)98:2
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 178 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Coleman, M., & Gillberg, C. (2012). The autisms (4th ed). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kumar, V.S. (2014). Phenylketonuria with autism spectrum disorders: A case study. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (IJHSR), 4, 308– 312.
- Tierney, E., Nwokoro, N.A., Porter, F.D., Freund, L.S., Ghuman, J.K., & Kelley, R.I. (2001). Behavior phenotype in the RSH/Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 98, 191– 200. 11223857
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Plasma and Fecal Metabolite Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Needham, B. D., Adame, M. D., Serena, G., Rose, D. R., Preston, G. M., Conrad, M. C., Campbell, A. S., Donabedian, D. H., Fasano, A., Ashwood, P., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.025 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Focus on High Functioning Children and Adolescents
de Giambattista, C., Ventura, P., Trerotoli, P., Margari, F., & Margari, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.539835 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Xie, W., Ge, X., Li, L., Yao, A., Wang, X., Li, M., Gong, X., Chu, Z., Lu, Z., Huang, X., et al. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0225-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Grayaa, S., Zerbinati, C., Messedi, M., HadjKacem, I., Chtourou, M., Ben Touhemi, D., Naifar, M., Ayadi, H., Ayedi, F., & Iuliano, L. (2018) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.026 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Possible Metabolic Alterations among Autistic Male Children: Clinical and Biochemical Approaches
Hassan, M. H., Desoky, T., Sakhr, H. M., Gabra, R. H., & Bakri, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1225-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prenatal Progestin Exposure Is Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Li, L., Li, M., Lu, J., Ge, X., Xie, W., Wang, Z., Li, X., Li, C., Wang, X., Yan, H., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00611 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Towards understanding sex differences in autism spectrum disorders
Leow, K. Q., Tonta, M. A., Lü, J., Coleman, H. A., & Parkington, H. C. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148877 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Role of Lipidomics in Autism Spectrum Disorder
El-Ansary, A. K., Chirumbolo, S., Bhat, R. S., Dadar, M., Ibrahim, E. M., & Bjørklund, G. (2019) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40291-019-00430-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Role of Cholesterol and Fatty Acids in the Etiology and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Esposito, C. M., Buoli, M., Ciappolino, V., Agostoni, C., & Brambilla, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073550 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Vacy, K., Thomson, S. M., Moore, A., Eisner, A., Tanner, S., Pham, C., Saffery, R., Mansell, T., Burgner, D. P., Collier, F., et al. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104949 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hippocampal Metabolite Profiles in Two Rat Models of Autism: NMR-Based Metabolomics Studies
Toczyłowska, B., Ziemińska, E., Senator, P., & Łazarewicz, J. W. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-01935-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Vallés, A. S., & Barrantes, F. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.744597 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Aquino, A., Alexandrino, G. L., Guest, P. C., Augusto, F., Gomes, A. F., Murgu, M., Steiner, J. H., & Martins‐de‐Souza, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00209 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Linnsand, P., Gillberg, C., Nilses, Å., Hagberg, B. S., & Nygren, G. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04563-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure and function meet at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-lipid interface
Barrantes, F. J. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106729 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tierney, E., Remaley, A. T., Thurm, A., Jager, L. R., Wassif, C. A., Kratz, L. E., Bailey-Wilson, J. E., Bukelis, I., Sarphare, G., Jung, E. S., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01580-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Impaired expression of the COSMOC/MOCOS gene unit in ASD patient stem cells
Rontani, P., Perche, O., Greetham, L., Jullien, N., Gepner, B., Feron, F. P., Nivet, E., & Garcia, M. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0728-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Panjwani, A. A., Ji, Y., Fahey, J. W., Palmer, A., Wang, G., Hong, X., ZUCKERMAN, B. S., & Wang, X. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04264-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Are Steroid Hormones Dysregulated in Autistic Girls?
Gasser, B. A., Kurz, J., Dick, B., & Mohaupt, M. G. (2020) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases8010006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lin, P., Moni, M. A., Gau, S. S., & Eapen, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.637022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Steroid Metabolites Support Evidence of Autism as a Spectrum
Gasser, B. A., Kurz, J., Dick, B., & Mohaupt, M. G. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9050052 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Aberrant Neuroplasticity in Autism Spectrum Disorders (Review)
Anashkina, A. A., & Erlykina, E. I. (2021) · Современные технологии в медицине · doi:10.17691/stm2021.13.1.10 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Serum cortisol and vitamin D status are independently associated with blood pressure in pregnancy
Bärebring, L., O’Connell, M., Winkvist, A., Johannsson, G., & Augustin, H. (2019) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.019 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The synaptic lipidome in health and disease
Vallés, A. S., & Barrantes, F. J. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184033 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Metabolomic analysis of plasma biomarkers in children with autism spectrum disorders
Liu, J., Tan, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, N., Dai, W., Zhou, L., & Li, J. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.488 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Knez, R., Stevanović, D., Fernell, E., & Gillberg, C. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s358373 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBiswas, S., Kanwal, B., Jeet, C., & Seminara, R. S. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.3228 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children
van der Wurff, I. S. M., Oenema, A., de Ruijter, D., Vingerhoets, C., van Amelsvoort, T., Rutten, B. P. F., Mulkens, S., Köhler, S., Schols, A. M. W. J., & de Groot, R. H. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14071389 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder, bestiality and zoophilia: a systematic PRISMA review
Allely, C. S. (2020) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour · doi:10.1108/jidob-06-2019-0012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D deficiency associated with neurodevelopmental problems in 2‐year‐old Japanese boys
Yasumitsu‐Lovell, K., Thompson, L. C., Fernell, E., Eitoku, M., Suganuma, N., Gillberg, C., & the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group (2023) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16998 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationGasser, B. A., Buerki, S., Kurz, J., & Mohaupt, M. G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222212324 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Inferring miRNA sponge modules across major neuropsychiatric disorders
Balasubramanian, R., & Vinod, P. K. U. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.1009662 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Conti, M. V., Santero, S., Luzzi, A., & Cena, H. (2023) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422423000215 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Analysis of salivary steroid hormones in boys with autism spectrum disorder
He, Q. P., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Xia, J., Heng, Y., Qiu, Z., Wang, H., Xu, W., Xu, Z., & Xie, J. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04586-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Huang, S., Zeng, J., Sun, R., Yu, H. Y., Zhang, H., Su, X., & Yao, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.840398 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Serum Cortisol, 25 (OH)D, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Jin, Y., Wei, D., Liu, P., Chen, F., Li, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, R., Liu, Z., Huo, W., Li, L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2022/5680170 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Analysis of Gene-Environment Interactions Related to Developmental Disorders
Nishimura, Y., & Kurosawa, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.863664 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pandey, M. K. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713223 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gasser, B. A., Kurz, J., & Mohaupt, M. G. (2021) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases9010013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dendritic spine membrane proteome and its alterations in autistic spectrum disorder
Vallés, A. S., & Barrantes, F. J. (2022) · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.09.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Babayiğit, T. M., Akay, G. G., Uytun, M. Ç., Doğan, Ö., Serdar, M. A., Efendi, G. Y., Erman, A. G., Yürümez, E., & Öztop, D. B. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050551 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gasser, B. A., Kurz, J., Dick, B., & Mohaupt, M. G. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12060867 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A reply to ‘Alteration of steroidogenesis in boys with autism spectrum disorders’
Gasser, B. A., Kurz, J., Dick, B., & Mohaupt, M. G. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01393-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gillberg, C., Allely, C. S., Bourgeron, T., Coleman, M., Fernell, E., Hadjikhani, N. K., & Sarovic, D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108297769.007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSamoilova, I. G., Матвеева, М. В., & Galyukova, D. E. (2024) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202412401155 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain
Barrantes, F. J. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19088-9.00004-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rynkiewicz, A., Ferensztajn‐Rochowiak, E., Moseley, R. L., Turner‐Cobb, J. M., Hadjikhani, N. K., Lacroix, A., Curran, A. B., Sohl, K., & Darmochwał-Kolarz, D. (2025) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2024.0045 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Metabolic Pattern of Brain Death—NMR-Based Metabolomics of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Toczyłowska, B., Kalinowski, P., Kacka-Piotrowska, A., Duda, P., Grąt, M., & Ziemińska, E. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26062719 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cholesterol in autism spectrum disorders
Franco, R., Rivas‐Santisteban, R., Navarro, G., & Reyes‐Resina, I. (2021) · Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy · doi:10.37349/ent.2021.00003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gasser, B. A., Kurz, J., Escher, G., Mistry, H. D., & Mohaupt, M. G. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12071004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huang, W., Liu, Z., Li, Z., Meng, S., Huang, Y., Gao, M., Zhong, N., Zeng, S., Wang, L., & Zhao, W. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-023-02179-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Самойлова, Ю. Г., Матвеева, М. В., & Galyukova, D. E. (2024) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-024-01633-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Deng, Y., Zhou, X., Yin, B., Zou, F., Zhong, S., Luo, X., Shen, L., Yang, F., & Guo, R. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70033 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Autism and hormones: A perspective from the immune system and the gut microbiome
Veilleux, C., Erenben, E. D., & Ismail, N. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105867 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring Causal Associations Between Plasma Metabolites and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Shi, S., Baranova, A., Cao, H., & Zhang, F. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap48246 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Castejón, O. J. (2019) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2019.19.003321 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rasero, J., Jiménez-Marín, A., Diez, I. P., Hasan, M. T., & Cortés, J. M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.304055 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Serum lipid profiles of children with autism: A pilot studyPreprint
Ma, Y., An, S., Wang, Y., Luo, L., Peng, Z., Wang, X., Cui, Y., Hu, X., Wang, Y., & Zhou, H. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4317846/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cell type-specific assessment of cholesterol distribution in models of neurodevelopmental disordersPreprint
Czernecki, C., Dixit, S., Riezman, I., Innocenti, S., Bornmann, C., Pfrieger, F. W., Riezman, H., & Scheiffele, P. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516849 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ging-Jehli, N. R., Manda, D., Hollway, J. A., Hurt, E. A., Moone, S., & Arnold, L. E. (2020) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-020-09776-4
Lin, P., Moni, M. A., Eapen, V., & Gau, S. S. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-87427/v1
Relationship of Serum Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure with Body Mass Index (BMI)
Rahman, M. A., Sarkar, C. R., Zahid, A. T. M. Z. R., Rashid, M. M. O., Jasmin, S., & Parvin, M. K. (2023) · Annals of International medical and Dental Research · doi:10.53339/aimdr.2023.9.29
Lipid-Related Pathophysiology of ASD
Noah, K. K., & Tierney, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42383-3_8
Steroidopathies and hormonal imbalance in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
de Giambattista, C., Ventura, P., Cortese, S., Trerotoli, P., Gioia, A. D., & Margari, L. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70070
- Authors
- Gillberg, C., Fernell, E., Kočovská, E., Minnis, H., Bourgeron, T., Thompson, L., & Allely, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Salford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Allely, Clare S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1022-1044
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- PMC
- PMC5485071
- OpenAlex
- W2605545000
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, cholesterol metabolism, steroid metabolism, vitamin D, steroid hormones, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cholesterol, Estrogens, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Progesterone, Testosterone, Vitamin D
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
