Vitamin D in the general population of young adults with autism in the faroe islands
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as a possible risk factor for developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels were examined in a cross-sectional population-based study in the Faroe Islands. The case group consisting of a total population cohort of 40 individuals with ASD (aged 15-24 years) had significantly lower 25(OH)D3 than their 62 typically-developing siblings and their 77 parents, and also significantly lower than 40 healthy age and gender matched comparisons. There was a trend for males having lower 25(OH)D3 than females. Effects of age, month/season of birth, IQ, various subcategories of ASD and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule score were also investigated, however, no association was found. The very low 25(OH)D3 in the ASD group suggests some underlying pathogenic mechanism.
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Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls, one borderline difference, and four found no significant differences among study groups.
“Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls [78,81,108,109,110,111,112,117,118], one borderline difference [114], and four found no significant differences among study groups [79,113,115,116].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [108]
Inclusion of older siblings may confound the findings by younger parental age, and inclusion of apparently healthy younger siblings may risk including siblings with ASD who may develop ASD later in life in the control group.
“Furthermore, inclusion of older siblings may confound the findings by younger parental age, and inclusion of apparently healthy younger siblings, on the other hand, may run the risk of including siblings with ASD who may develop ASD later in life in the control group [78,108].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [108]
Kocovska et al. (2014) showed that ASD individuals had significantly lower 25(OH)D concentrations than their siblings, parents and healthy controls while adjusting for season of blood sampling.
“Kocovska et al. (2014) showed that ASD individuals had significantly lower 25(OH)D concentrations than their siblings, parents and healthy controls while adjusting for season of blood sampling (no one in ASD group had his/her blood sample drawn in winter) [108].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [108]
Kocovska et al. found that a larger proportion had 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L in cases than controls (88% in ASD group vs. 58% in sibling and parents each and 65% in healthy controls).
“Furthermore, a larger proportion had 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L in cases than controls (88% in ASD group vs. 58% in sibling and parents each and 65% in healthy controls).”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [108]
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- Authors
- Kočovská, E., Andorsdóttir, G., Weihe, P., Halling, J., Fernell, E., Stóra, T., Biskupstø, R., Gillberg, I. C., Shea, R., Billstedt, E., Bourgeron, T., Minnis, H., & Gillberg, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Skaraborg Hospital (SE)
- Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Royal Hospital for Children (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kočovská, Eva
- Andorsdóttir, Guðrið
- Weihe, Pál
- Halling, Jónrit
- Fernell, Elisabeth
- Biskupstø, Rannvá
- Gillberg, I. Carina
- Shea, Robyn
- Billstedt, Eva
- Bourgeron, Thomas
- Minnis, Helen
- Gillberg, Christopher
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2014-06-14
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2996-3005
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC4221602
- OpenAlex
- W1997081613
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, autism spectrum disorder, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, young adults, Faroe Islands, sex differences, season of birth, IQ, ASD subtypes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Denmark, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Cohort Studies, Young Adult
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