Autism Spectrum Disorder and low vitamin D at birth: A sibling control study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Insufficient vitamin D activity has attracted increasing interest as a possible underlying risk factor in disorders of the central nervous system, including autism. METHODS: In this study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was analysed in 58 Sweden-born sibling pairs, in which one child had autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the other did not. The study group consisted of two representative samples; 47 Gothenburg sibling pairs with mixed ethnicities and 11 Stockholm sibling pairs with Somali background. 25(OH)D levels were analysed in the stored dried blood spots taken in the neonatal period for metabolic screening. RESULTS: The collapsed group of children with ASD had significantly lower vitamin D levels (M = 24.0 nM, SD = 19.6) as compared with their siblings (M = 31.9 nM, SD = 27.7), according to a paired samples t-test (P = 0.013). The difference was - most likely - not only accounted for by a difference in season of birth between ASD and non-ASD siblings since the mean 25(OH)D levels differed with similar effect size between the sibling pairs born during winter and summer, respectively. All children with African/Middle East background, both the children with ASD and their non-ASD siblings, had vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that low prenatal vitamin D may act as a risk factor for ASD, however, there is a need for replication with larger samples. Future research should study whether or not adequate supplementation of vitamin D to pregnant women might lower the risk for ASD in the offspring.
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Fennell et al. (2015) did not find any seasonal deviations for ASD populations from typically developing controls of Middle Eastern/African origin, though the season of birth difference was significant in cases and controls of Swedish origin (38% in spring vs. 18% in summer; p < 0.05).
“For instance, Fennell et al. (2015) did not find any seasonal deviations for ASD populations from the typically developing controls of Middle Eastern/African origin, though the season of birth difference was significant in cases and controls of Swedish origin (38% in spring vs. 18% in summer; p < 0.05) [78].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Inclusion of older siblings may confound the findings by younger parental age, and inclusion of apparently healthy younger siblings may risk including siblings with ASD who may develop ASD later in life in the control group.
“Furthermore, inclusion of older siblings may confound the findings by younger parental age, and inclusion of apparently healthy younger siblings, on the other hand, may run the risk of including siblings with ASD who may develop ASD later in life in the control group [78,108].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Fernell et al. (2015) did not find any differences between cases and controls of Middle Eastern/African origin.
“On the other hand, the authors did not find any differences between cases and controls of Middle Eastern/African origin.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
In Fernell et al., season of birth corresponded to the season of blood sampling and was not controlled for in statistical analysis.
“Season of birth which corresponded to the season of blood sampling in this study was not controlled for in statistical analysis.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Season of birth was not significantly different between cases and controls in the Middle Eastern/African groups, but it was significantly different across groups of Scandinavian and other European origins (10% vs. 35% of cases and controls in summer).
“It should be also noted that season of birth was not significantly different between cases and controls in the latter ethnic groups, but it was significantly different across groups of Scandinavian and other European origins (10% vs. 35% of cases and controls in summer, respectively).”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Fernell et al. (2015) reported significantly lower mean 25(OH)D concentration at birth in autistic children of Scandinavian and other European origins than their non-ASD sibling controls.
“Using siblings or family members as controls to minimize confounding by socio-demographic factors, Fernell et al. (2015) reported significantly lower mean 25(OH)D concentration at birth in autistic children of Scandinavian and other European origins than their non-ASD sibling controls [78].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
The lack of association in the Middle Eastern and African group may be attributed to the small sample size and very low mean 25(OH)D concentrations (11.5 ± 7.1 and 7.0 ± 5.0 nmol/L).
“The lack of association in Middle Eastern and African group may in part, be attributed to the small sample size and very low mean 25(OH)D concentrations in these two ethnic groups, 11.5 ± 7.1 and 7.0 ± 5.0 nmol/L, respectively.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls, one borderline difference, and four found no significant differences among study groups.
“Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls [78,81,108,109,110,111,112,117,118], one borderline difference [114], and four found no significant differences among study groups [79,113,115,116].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Fernell, E., Bejerot, S., Westerlund, J., Miniscalco, C., Simila, H., Eyles, D., Gillberg, C., & Humble, M. B.
- Affiliations
- Skaraborg Hospital (SE)
- Örebro University (SE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Fernell, Elisabeth
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Autism
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3
- ISSN
- 2040-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4396835
- OpenAlex
- W2135493800
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 18.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Molecular Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Örebro University (Örebro University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet (523-2011-3646)
- LifeWatch – Niclas Öberg Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, prenatal vitamin D, neonatal dried blood spots, sibling pairs, season of birth, Somali children, vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy, risk factors
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