Cited by 195Chromosomal and Genetic VariationsEvolution and Genetic DynamicsGenome Rearrangement Algorithms

Role of selection in fixation of gene duplications

Kondrashov, Fyodor A., Kondrashov, Alexey S.·2006·Journal of Theoretical Biology

Abstract

New genes commonly appear through complete or partial duplications of pre-existing genes. Duplications of long DNA segments are constantly produced by rare mutations, may become fixed in a population by selection or random drift, and are subject to divergent evolution of the paralogous sequences after fixation, although gene conversion can impede this process. New data shed some light on each of these processes. Mutations which involve duplications can occur through at least two different mechanisms, backward strand slippage during DNA replication and unequal crossing-over. The background rate of duplication of a complete gene in humans is 10(-9)-10(-10) per generation, although many genes located within hot-spots of large-scale mutation are duplicated much more often. Many gene duplications affect fitness strongly, and are responsible, through gene dosage effects, for a number of genetic diseases. However, high levels of intrapopulation polymorphism caused by presence or absence of long, gene-containing DNA segments imply that some duplications are not under strong selection. The polymorphism to fixation ratios appear to be approximately the same for gene duplications and for presumably selectively neutral nucleotide substitutions, which, according to the McDonald-Kreitman test, is consistent with selective neutrality of duplications. However, this pattern can also be due to negative selection against most of segregating duplications and positive selection for at least some duplications which become fixed. Patterns in post-fixation evolution of duplicated genes do not easily reveal the causes of fixations. Many gene duplications which became fixed recently in a variety of organisms were positively selected because the increased expression of the corresponding genes was beneficial. The effects of gene dosage provide a unified framework for studying all phases of the life history of a gene duplication. Application of well-known methods of evolutionary genetics to accumulating data on new, polymorphic, and fixed duplication will enhance our understanding of the role of natural selection in the evolution by gene duplication.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.033

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  • In S. cerevisiae, cobalt resistance also improved tolerance for other metal ions, and pulsed cobalt stress exposure during laboratory evolution resulted in evolutionary cross-protection to thermal and oxidative stress.

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Authors
Kondrashov, F. A., & Kondrashov, A. S.
Affiliations
National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)
Corresponding author
  • Kondrashov, Fyodor A.
  • Kondrashov, Alexey S.
Venue
Journal of Theoretical Biology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2006-03
Volume
239
Issue
2
Pages
141-151
ISSN
0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2018486257
Cited by
195
References
150
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
FWCI
1.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genome Rearrangement Algorithms
Keywords
gene duplication, natural selection, paralogs, gene conversion, unequal crossover, replication slippage, McDonald-Kreitman test, gene dosage effect, positive selection
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Mutation, Selection, Genetic, Genome, Gene Dosage, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Duplication

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