The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Students' extracurricular reading behavior and the development of vocabulary and reading comprehension
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Such arguments are consistent with negative correlations reported between the frequency of digital media use and text comprehension in adolescents (Duncan et al., 2015; Pfost et al., 2013)”
From Don't throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension (2018) · cites this paper as Pfost et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“a pattern that does not align with previous research showing larger effect sizes for linear-communicative digital reading habits than for social-communicative ones (Duncan et al., 2016; McGeown et al., 2016; Pfost et al., 2013).”
From Do New Forms of Reading Pay Off? A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Leisure Digital Reading Habits and Text Comprehension (2025) · cites this paper as Pfost et al., 2013
Citations
Cites
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701575396 · Cited by 11,415
Visible learning: a synthesis of over 800 meta‐analyses relating to achievement
Carter, M. (2009) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410903415150 · Cited by 7,696
(2008) · Cited by 6,939
Pearson, P. D., Barr, (. E., Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., & Barr, R. (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5764 · Cited by 6,850
Statistics and Causal Inference
Holland, P. W. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354 · Cited by 5,293
Stanovich, K. E. (1986) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1598/rrq.21.4.1 · Cited by 5,222
Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research
Sirin, S. R. (2005) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543075003417 · Cited by 4,687
A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status
Ganzeboom, H. B. G., de Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/0049-089x(92)90017-b · Cited by 3,120
Facebook and academic performance
Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024 · Cited by 1,578
To read or not to read: a meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood
Mol, S. E., & Bus, A. G. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021890 · Cited by 1,299
Cited by
Sorted by citations
PISA 2018 Assessment and Analytical Framework
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/b25efab8-en · Cited by 2,216
Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003 · Cited by 664
The Influence of Reading on Vocabulary Growth: A Case for a Matthew Effect
Duff, D., Tomblin, J. B., & Catts, H. W. (2015) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-13-0310 · Cited by 180
Torppa, M., Niemi, P., Vasalampi, K., Lerkkanen, M.-K., Tolvanen, A., & Poikkeus, A.-M. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13241 · Cited by 177
Stutz, F., Schaffner, E., & Schiefele, U. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.022 · Cited by 175
Naumann, J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.051 · Cited by 172
Assessing children's reading comprehension on paper and screen: A mode-effect study
Støle, H., Mangen, A., & Schwippert, K. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103861 · Cited by 193
Reiss, K., Weis, M., Klieme, E., Köller, O., & OECD (2019) · Waxmann Verlag GmbH eBooks · doi:10.31244/9783830991007 · Cited by 201
Miyamoto, A., Pfost, M., & Artelt, C. (2019) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2019.1602836 · Cited by 115
Self-citationWhy do children read more? The influence of reading ability on voluntary reading practices
van Bergen, E., Snowling, M. J., de Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12910 · Cited by 98
Children's reading comprehension and metacomprehension on screen versus on paper
Halamish, V., & Elbaz, E. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103737 · Cited by 103
How Are Practice and Performance Related? Development of Reading From Age 5 to 15
van Bergen, E., Vasalampi, K., & Torppa, M. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.309 · Cited by 96
Assessment for Reading Instruction
Beal, J. S., Dostal, H. M., & Easterbrooks, S. R. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198879114.003.0002 · Cited by 78
The relation between time spent reading and reading comprehension throughout the life course
Locher, F., & Pfost, M. (2020) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12289 · Cited by 77
Self-citationPadraic Monaghan, B., Chang, Y., Welbourne, S. R., & Brysbaert, M. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2016.08.003 · Cited by 85
The development of adolescents' comprehension-based Internet reading activities
Salmerón, L., García, A., & Vidal‐Abarca, E. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.11.006 · Cited by 76
Chen, J., Lin, C., & Chen, G. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104322 · Cited by 82
Miyamoto, A., Pfost, M., & Artelt, C. (2017) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12113 · Cited by 70
Self-citationAltamura, L., Vargas, C., & Salmerón, L. (2025) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543231216463 · Cited by 59
Kjeldsen, A.-C., Kärnä, A., Niemi, P., Olofsson, Å., & Witting, K. (2014) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2014.940080 · Cited by 59
Merga, M. K., & Roni, S. M. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.02.016 · Cited by 56
Schulte, A. C., Stevens, J. J., Elliott, S. N., Tindal, G. A., & Nese, J. F. T. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000107 · Cited by 54
Doing the Reading: The Decline of Long Long-Form Reading in Higher Education
Baron, N. S., & Mangen, A. (2021) · Poetics Today · doi:10.1215/03335372-8883248 · Cited by 50
Merga, M. K. (2016) · English in Education · doi:10.1111/eie.12126 · Cited by 51
Digital reading proficiency in german 15-year olds: evidence from PISA 2012
Naumann, J., & Sälzer, C. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-017-0758-y · Cited by 48
Merga, M. K., & Roni, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Library Administration · doi:10.1080/01930826.2017.1340774 · Cited by 52
Reading interest in a digital age
Putro, N. H. P. S., & Lee, J. (2017) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2017.1341966 · Cited by 59
Schaffner, E., & Schiefele, U. (2016) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2015.1133465 · Cited by 42
Locher, F. M., Becker, S., & Pfost, M. (2019) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419852041 · Cited by 39
Self-citationTextual reading in digitised classrooms: Reflections on reading beyond the internet
van der Weel, A., & Mangen, A. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102036 · Cited by 54
Merga, M. K. (2015) · English in Education · doi:10.1111/eie.12071 · Cited by 38
What would make children read for pleasure more frequently?
Merga, M. K. (2017) · English in Education · doi:10.1111/eie.12143 · Cited by 39
What motivates avid readers to maintain a regular reading habit in adulthood?
Merga, M. K. (2017) · The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy · doi:10.1007/bf03651992 · Cited by 37
Mechanisms mediating the relation between reading self-concept and reading comprehension
Locher, F. M., Becker, S., Schiefer, I. M., & Pfost, M. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-020-00463-8 · Cited by 33
Self-citationSpencer, M., & Cutting, L. E. (2020) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2020.1734416 · Cited by 37
PISA 2018 Global Competence Framework
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/043fc3b0-en · Cited by 39
Wimmer, L., & Ferguson, H. J. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01784-2 · Cited by 28
Jang, E., Seo, Y. S., & Brutt‐Griffler, J. (2022) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.486 · Cited by 38
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/5c07e4f1-en · Cited by 37
Hu, J., Yan, G., Wen, X., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-023-10446-y · Cited by 31
Gender Differences in Text‐Based Interest: Text Characteristics as Underlying Variables
Lepper, C., Stang‐Rabrig, J., & McElvany, N. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.420 · Cited by 41
Rutherford, L., Singleton, A., Derr, L. A., & Merga, M. K. (2018) · Public Library Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01616846.2018.1511214 · Cited by 25
Liu, W., Huang, H., Saleem, A., & Zhao, Z. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13861 · Cited by 28
Hakemulder, F., & Mangen, A. (2024) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.527 · Cited by 35
Kanniainen, L., Kiili, C., Tolvanen, A. J., Utriainen, J., Aro, M. T., Leu, D. J., & Leppänen, P. H. T. (2022) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.463 · Cited by 29
Utility of reading — Predictor of reading achievement?
Schoor, C. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.024 · Cited by 21
Thums, K., Artelt, C., & Wolter, I. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-020-00486-1 · Cited by 27
Self-citationMeeting the Needs of Avid Book Readers: Access, Space, Concentration Support and Barrier Mitigation
Merga, M. K. (2016) · Journal of Library Administration · doi:10.1080/01930826.2016.1185854 · Cited by 25
Orkin, M., Pott, M., Wolf, M., May, S. C., & Brand, E. (2017) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2017.1387834 · Cited by 26
Reading fiction and reading minds in early adolescence: A longitudinal study
van der Kleij, S. W., Apperly, I., Shapiro, L. R., Ricketts, J., & Devine, R. T. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105476 · Cited by 19
van der Kleij, S. W., Burgess, A., Ricketts, J., & Shapiro, L. R. (2022) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2022.2068418 · Cited by 19
Vargas, C., Altamura, L., Blanco-Gandía, M. C., Gil, L., Mañá, A., Montagud, S., & Salmerón, L. (2024) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104675 · Cited by 18
Der Kinder-Titelrekognitionstest (K-TRT)
Schroeder, S., Segbers, J., & Schröter, P. (2014) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000131 · Cited by 18
Roni, S. M., & Merga, M. K. (2019) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/0004944119880621 · Cited by 23
Intergenerational continuity in attitudes toward reading and reading behavior
Pfost, M., Schiefer, I. M., & Artelt, C. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.09.002 · Cited by 17
Self-citationReading Motivation of Adolescent Struggling Readers Receiving General Education Support
Gilson, C. M., Beach, K. D., & Cleaver, S. L. (2018) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2018.1490672 · Cited by 17
PISA 2018 Financial Literacy Framework
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/a1fad77c-en · Cited by 23
PISA 2018 Well-being Framework
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/38a34353-en · Cited by 23
Kovač, M., & Mohar, A. K. (2022) · Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.26529/cepsj.1290 · Cited by 18
Pfost, M., & Heyne, N. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10389-w · Cited by 15
Self-citationSyntactic complexity in adapted extracurricular reading materials
Lei, L., & Shi, Y. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103002 · Cited by 18
Adolescents’ attitudes toward talking about books: implications for educators
Merga, M. K., McRae, M., & Rutherford, L. (2017) · English in Education · doi:10.1111/eie.12144 · Cited by 14
Merga, M. K., & Roni, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Library Administration · doi:10.1080/01930826.2018.1514841 · Cited by 23
Neuendorf, C., Jansen, M., & Kuhl, P. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.101816 · Cited by 15
Chinese Adolescents’ Reading Motivation Profiles and Their Relations to Reading Amount
Wang, X., Jin, Y., & Jia, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875486 · Cited by 24
Influences on Australian adolescents’ recreational reading
Rutherford, L., Merga, M. K., & Singleton, A. (2018) · The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy · doi:10.1007/bf03652005 · Cited by 14
Gentilini, L. M., & Greer, R. D. (2020) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-020-00382-6 · Cited by 13
Rettig, A., & Schiefele, U. (2023) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.502 · Cited by 26
Profiles of Readers in a Digital Age
Putro, N. H. P. S., & Lee, J. (2018) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2018.1496502 · Cited by 11
PISA 2018 Questionnaire Framework
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/850d0ef8-en · Cited by 12
Merga, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/09610006211022410 · Cited by 10
Erfassung des Lesevolumens in Large-Scale Studien
Locher, F. M., & Pfost, M. (2018) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000203 · Cited by 10
Self-citationBehavior of Science and Engineering Students to Digital Reading: Educational Disruption and Beyond
Welsen, S., Wanatowski, D., & Zhao, D. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13050484 · Cited by 10
Well-Being and Perceived Competence in School Children from 1 to 9 Class
Sigmundsson, H., Ingebrigtsen, J. P., & Dybendal, B. H. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032116 · Cited by 10
Measuring reading behavior in large-scale assessments and surveys
Locher, F., & Philipp, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1044290 · Cited by 13
Erstad, O., Kucirkova, N. I., Mangen, A., Aarsand, P. A., & Blikstad‐Balas, M. (2023) · Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy · doi:10.18261/njdl.18.4.6 · Cited by 9
Literacy Instruction for Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Beal, J. S., Dostal, H. M., & Easterbrooks, S. R. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198879114.001.0001 · Cited by 9
Developmental leisure reading profiles and their association with reading skills across Grades 1–9
Ulvinen, E., Psyridou, M., Lerkkanen, M., Poikkeus, A., Siekkinen, M., & Torppa, M. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102387 · Cited by 8
PISA 2018 Background questionnaires
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/67e1518f-en · Cited by 8
OECD (2019) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/2c7c311d-en · Cited by 9
How to improve energy efficiency in China: A novel integrated approach based on resource allocation
Yang, Q. H., Liu, Y., Du, X., Wang, D., Zou, S., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2024.103883 · Cited by 7
Støle, H., Wagner, Å. K. H., & Schwippert, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_14 · Cited by 7
Weinert, S., Rossbach, H.-G., von Maurice, J., Blossfeld, H.-P., & Artelt, C. (2024) · Edition ZfE · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43414-4 · Cited by 11
Self-citationSpoden, C., Fleischer, J., & Leucht, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01116 · Cited by 12
Foreign Language Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention in Print Text vs. Digital Media Environments
Pikhart, M., Klimova, B., & Ruschel, F. B. (2023) · Syst. · doi:10.3390/systems11010030 · Cited by 6
Strømsø, H. I. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-023-10468-6 · Cited by 6
Pfost, M., Becker, S., & Artelt, C. (2024) · Edition ZfE · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43414-4_9 · Cited by 6
Self-citationStrategies for Struggling Readers to Increase Reading Comprehension in Fourth Graders
Cassata, C. (2016) · Fisher Digital Publications (St. John Fisher College) · Cited by 6
3 Norske resultater fra ePIRLS – Online Informational Reading
Støle, H., & Schwippert, K. (2017) · Universitetsforlaget eBooks · doi:10.18261/9788215030258-2017-4 · Cited by 6
Anggia, H., & Habók, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92326-9 · Cited by 16
An Investigation into the Reasons Students Read for Pleasure
Gagen-Spriggs, K. (2021) · School Libraries Worldwide · doi:10.29173/slw8261 · Cited by 5
Neuenhaus, N., Artelt, C., Schneider, W., & Lingel, K. (2018) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v16i44.1935 · Cited by 5
Self-citationDigitisation of reading assessment
Støle, H., Mangen, A., Frønes, T. S., & Thomson, J. (2018) · Studies in written language and literacy · doi:10.1075/swll.17.09sto · Cited by 6
Yamada, M., Sekine, M., & Tatsuse, T. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083344 · Cited by 4
INVESTIGATION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN FAMILIAR PORTFOLIO CHOICE
Maknickienė, N., & Rapkevičiūtė, L. (2022) · Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.3846/jbem.2022.17032 · Cited by 5
Jennings, B., Powell, D., Jaworska, S., & Joseph, H. S. S. L. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1002/jaal.1331 · Cited by 4
Cheema, J. (2014) · The International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (The University of the West Indies) · Cited by 4
Change in Computer Access and the Academic Achievement of Immigrant Children
Moon, U. J., & Hofferth, S. L. (2018) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811812000401 · Cited by 4
Students’ Perceptions of the Benefits of Literary Reading in School and Leisure Contexts
Dera, J. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15050580 · Cited by 3
Third graders’ digital and paper text comprehension
Ruffini, C., Pecini, C., Saldaña, D., & Delgado, P. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102186 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Pfost, M., Dörfler, T., & Artelt, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Bamberg (DE)
- Heidelberg University of Education (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Pfost, Maximilian
- Venue
- Learning and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 26
- Pages
- 89-102
- ISSN
- 1041-6080 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114804407
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 25.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Learning and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Literacy and Educational Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Methods and Media Use
- Keywords
- extracurricular reading, reading behavior, vocabulary development, reading comprehension, reading literacy, online reading, email, chatting, high school students, latent class analysis, reading achievement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
