Galactic cosmic ray simulation at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory
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Most accelerator-based space radiation experiments have been performed with single ion beams at fixed energies. However, the space radiation environment consists of a wide variety of ion species with a continuous range of energies. Due to recent developments in beam switching technology implemented at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), it is now possible to rapidly switch ion species and energies, allowing for the possibility to more realistically simulate the actual radiation environment found in space. The present paper discusses a variety of issues related to implementation of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) simulation at NSRL, especially for experiments in radiobiology. Advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to developing a GCR simulator are presented. In addition, issues common to both GCR simulation and single beam experiments are compared to issues unique to GCR simulation studies. A set of conclusions is presented as well as a discussion of the technical implementation of GCR simulation.
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Estimates for a 1-year stay on the lunar surface range from 100 to 120 mGy, and 300 to 450 mGy for an approximately 3-year Mars mission including transit and surface stay.
“Estimates for a 1 year stay on the lunar surface range from 100 to 120 mGy, and 300 to 450 mGy for an ~3-year Mars mission (transit and surface stay)6.”
From Red risks for a journey to the red planet: The highest priority human health risks for a mission to Mars (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Section 5.3 (Dose; page unavailable) estimates about 277 mGy for a roughly three-year Mars mission, including round-trip transit and 500 days on the surface—not the claimed 300–450 mGy range. The passages do not give a 100–120 mGy estimate for a one-year lunar stay; a search for that estimate found none. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGiven the continuous low-dose rates found in space (<1 mGy/day), challenges remain in simulating the galactic cosmic ray environment in Earth-based analogs.
“Given the continuous low-dose rates found in space (<1 mGy/day), challenges remain in simulating the galactic cosmic ray environment in Earth-based analogs [4].”
From NASA's first ground-based Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulator: Enabling a new era in space radiobiology research (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
With input from an international community of physicists and radiobiologists, NASA has developed a GCR Simulator at BNL for principal investigator-led research studies.
“With input from an international community of physicists and radiobiologists [4], NASA has developed a “GCR Simulator” at BNL for principal investigator (PI)–led research studies.”
From NASA's first ground-based Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulator: Enabling a new era in space radiobiology research (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
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Twenty years of space radiation physics at the BNL AGS and NASA Space Radiation Laboratory
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High-throughput screening strategies for space-based radiation countermeasure discovery
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Oral Health of Astronauts in Short- and Long-Term Missions in Space
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- Authors
- Norbury, J. W., Schimmerling, W., Slaba, T. C., Azzam, E. I., Badavi, F. F., Baiocco, G., Benton, E., Bindi, V., Blakely, E. A., Blattnig, S. R., Boothman, D. A., Borak, T. B., Britten, R. A., Curtis, S., Dingfelder, M., Durante, M., Dynan, W. S., Eisch, A. J., Robin Elgart, S., Goodhead, D. T., Guida, P. M., Heilbronn, L. H., Hellweg, C. E., Huff, J. L., Kronenberg, A., La Tessa, C., Lowenstein, D. I., Miller, J., Morita, T., Narici, L., Nelson, G. A., Norman, R. B., Ottolenghi, A., Patel, Z. S., Reitz, G., Rusek, A., Schreurs, A.-S., Scott-Carnell, L. A., Semones, E., Shay, J. W., Shurshakov, V. A., Sihver, L., Simonsen, L. C., Story, M. D., Turker, M. S., Uchihori, Y., Williams, J., & Zeitlin, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Langley Research Center (US)
- East Carolina University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Old Dominion University (US)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Eastern Virginia Medical School (US)
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (DE)
- Emory University (US)
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- Universities Space Research Association (US)
- Osaka City University (JP)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Loma Linda University (US)
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Institute of Biomedical Problems (RU)
- TU Wien (AT)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Norbury, John W.
- ORCID
- Schimmerling, Walter
- Slaba, Tony C.
- Azzam, Edouard I.
- Baiocco, Giorgio
- Benton, Eric
- Bindi, Veronica
- Blakely, Eleanor A.
- Blattnig, Steve R.
- Boothman, David A.
- Britten, Richard A.
- Dingfelder, Michael
- Durante, Marco
- Dynan, William S.
- Eisch, Amelia J.
- Heilbronn, Lawrence H.
- Hellweg, Christine E.
- Huff, Janice L.
- Miller, Jack
- Morita, Takashi
- Nelson, Gregory A.
- Norman, Ryan B.
- Ottolenghi, Andrea
- Patel, Zarana S.
- Reitz, Guenther
- Rusek, Adam
- Schreurs, Ann-Sofie
- Shay, Jerry W.
- Shurshakov, Vyacheslav A.
- Sihver, Lembit
- Simonsen, Lisa C.
- Story, Michael D.
- Turker, Mitchell S.
- Williams, Jacqueline
- Zeitlin, Cary J.
- Venue
- Life Sciences in Space Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 38-51
- ISSN
- 2214-5524 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5771487
- OpenAlex
- W2302322994
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 12.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Life Sciences in Space Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (submittedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
- GSI Repository (German Federal Government) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NASA Human Research Program Space Radiation Element
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Keywords
- NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, beam switching, space radiation environment, radiation biology
- MeSH terms
- Cosmic Radiation, Laboratories, Radiobiology, Research, United States, United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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