The sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporter family SLC23
Abstract
Transporters for vitamin C and its oxidized form dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) are crucial to maintain physiological concentrations of this important vitamin that is used in a variety of biochemical processes. The human SLC23 family consists of the Na(+)-dependent vitamin C transporters SVCT1 (encoded by the SLC23A1 gene) and SVCT2 (SLC23A2) as well as an orphan transporter SVCT3 (SLC23A3). Phylogenetically, the SLC23 family belongs to the nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) family, although no nucleobase transport has yet been demonstrated for the human members of this family. The SVCT1 and SVCT2 transporters are rather specific for ascorbic acid, which is an important antioxidant and plays a crucial role in a many metal-containing enzymes. SVCT1 is expressed predominantly in epithelial tissues such as intestine where it contributes to the supply and maintenance of whole-body ascorbic acid levels. In contrast to various other mammals, humans are not capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid from glucose and therefore the uptake of ascorbic acid from the diet via SVCT1 is essential for maintaining appropriate concentrations of vitamin C in the human body. The expression of SVCT2 is relatively widespread, where it serves to either deliver ascorbic acid to tissues with high demand of the vitamin for enzymatic reactions or to protect metabolically highly active cells or specialized tissues from oxidative stress. The murine Slc23a3 gene encoding the orphan transporter SVCT3 was originally cloned from mouse yolk sac, and subsequent studies showed that it is expressed in the kidney. However, the function of SVCT3 has not been reported and it remains speculative as to whether SVCT3 is a nucleobase transporter.
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The Michaelis constant Km for vitamin C transport by SVCT1 was reported to be in a wide range from 10 to 200 μM, suggesting a large capacity to absorb dietary vitamin C.
“The Michaelis constant Km, i.e., the concentration of vitamin C transported by half of the maximal transport velocity, was reported to be in a wide range from 10 to 200 µM, suggesting a large capacity to absorb dietary vitamin C.”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
SVCT1 activity is highest at a neutral pH and drops markedly with increasing acidity.
“Its activity is highest at a neutral pH. It drops markedly with increasing acidity [51,52,53,54].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The plasma levels of dehydroascorbic acid are very low in healthy humans, while ascorbyl radical is undetectable.
“The plasma levels of dehydro-ascorbic acid are very low in healthy humans, while that of an ascorbyl radical are undetectable [6,53,54,62,67].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The expression of SVCT2 is increased after experimental vascular brain injury.
“It was shown that the expression of SVCT2 is increased after experimental vascular brain injury [53].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
There are reports that vitamin C can pass through the blood-brain barrier in the form of dehydroascorbic acid through the glucose transporter GLUT1.
“There are also reports that vitamin C can pass through the blood-brain barrier in the form of dehydroascorbic acid through the glucose transporter GLUT1 [52,53,73].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Vitamin C is taken up by cells via SVCT2.
“Vitamin C is taken up by the cells via SVCT2 (SLC23A2, Figure 2C), which is a close analogue of SVCT1 with which it shares 65% sequence homology.”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Passive diffusion of vitamin C in urine was suggested but apparently plays a minor, if any, role.
“Since the pH of urine is also lower, passive diffusion was suggested but apparently plays a minor, if any, role at all [52,53].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
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Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination
Doseděl, M., Jirkovský, E., Macáková, K., Krčmová, L., Javorská, L., Pourová, J., Mercolini, L., Remião, F., Nováková, L., Mladěnka, P., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020615 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Oudemans-van Straaten, H. M., Man, A. M. S.-D., & de Waard, M. C. (2014) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0460-x · Cited by 299 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bürzle, M., Suzuki, Y., Ackermann, D., Miyazaki, H., Maeda, N., Clémençon, B., Burrier, R., & Hediger, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hediger, Matthias A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Aspects of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 436-454
- ISSN
- 0098-2997 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976586663
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Aspects of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- National Centre of Competence in Research Robotics
- Universität Bern
- nccr – on the move
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Keywords
- sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters, SVCT1, SVCT2, ascorbic acid transport, dehydroascorbic acid, vitamin C, oxidative stress, kidney, phylogenetic analysis
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Ascorbic Acid, Cloning, Molecular, Gene Expression Regulation, Multigene Family, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Protein Conformation, Species Specificity, Molecular Structure, Sequence Alignment, Mice, Rats, Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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