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L-Carnitine in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of L-carnitine compared with placebo or control on morbidity and mortality in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (N=3629) was conducted to determine the effects of L-carnitine vs placebo or control on mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), angina, heart failure, and reinfarction. These trials were identified via searches of the Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and Excerpta Medica (Embase) databases between May 1, 2012, and August 31, 2012.Results Compared with placebo or control, L-carnitine was associated with a significant 27% reduction in all-cause mortality (odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P=.05; risk ratio [RR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-1.00; P=.05), a highly significant 65% reduction in VAs (RR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.21-0.58; P<.0001), and a significant 40% reduction in the development of angina (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.50-0.72; P<.00001), with no reduction in the development of heart failure (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.67-1.09; P=.21) or myocardial reinfarction (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.41-1.48; P=.45).Conclusion Compared with placebo or control, L-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in VAs, and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction. Further study with large randomized controlled trials of this inexpensive and safe therapy in the modern era is warranted.
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“A meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (n = 3,629 people) reported that low oral dosage of L-carnitine resulted in 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias, and a 40% reduction in angina symptoms in patients who had an acute myocardial infarction (37).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials showed that l-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction compared to controls [59].”
From Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown. (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials showed that l-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction compared to controls [59].”
From Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown. (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials showed that l-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction compared to controls [59].”
From Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown. (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
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“Dietary supplementation with L-carnitine has also been associated with a significant decrease in the risk of cardiovascular disease, in apparent contradiction to the reported association of elevated plasma L-carnitine with increased risk (DiNicolantonio et al., 2013; Ussher et al., 2013).”
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ResultTrimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown.
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L-carnitine promotes liver regeneration after hepatectomy by enhancing lipid metabolism
Zhou, X. K., Huang, G., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Li, J., Chen, D., Wei, L., Chen, Z., & Yang, B. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04317-x · Cited by 23
“Including weight loss [14], heart disease [15], kidney disease [13] and cerebral disease [16, 17].”
BackgroundTrøseid, M., Mayerhofer, C. C. K., Broch, K., Arora, S., Svardal, A. M., Hov, J. R., Andreassen, A. K., Gude, E., Karason, K., Dellgren, G., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2019.06.003 · Cited by 23
Letourneau, P., Bataille, S., Chauveau, P., Fouque, D. P., & Koppe, L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123892 · Cited by 20
Cardioprotective Activity of Some 2-Arylimino-1,3-Thiazole Derivatives
Drapak, І., Perekhoda, L. O., Demchenko, N., Suleiman, М., Rakhimova, M., Demchuk, I., Таран, С. Г., Seredynska, N., & Gerashchenko, I. V. (2019) · Scientia Pharmaceutica · doi:10.3390/scipharm87010007 · Cited by 18
Battillo, D. J., & Malin, S. K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061455 · Cited by 20
“Conversely, it is important to recognize that the effect of carnitine is somewhat equivocal, compared to TMA, since it has been purported to reduce oxidative stress [32,33] and lower systolic and mean arterial pressures [34].”
BackgroundFranken, J., Burger, A. L., Swiegers, J. H., & Bauer, F. F. (2015) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6561-x · Cited by 18
“…investigating the impact of carnitine supplementation have furthermore indicated that advantageous effects can be observed in patients with certain types of cardiological, neurological and/or renal disorders (Calabrese et al. 2006; DiNicolantonio et al. 2013; Bonafé et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCurrent Opinion on Usage of L-Carnitine in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
Bonomini, M., Liberato, L. D., Zammit, V. A., & Arduini, A. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24193449 · Cited by 18
“In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis of several controlled trials showed that the oral administration of L-carnitine led to a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias, and a 40% reduction in angina symptoms in patients experiencing an acute MI as compared to placeb…”
BackgroundFörster, L., Indra, D., Rosenberger, K., Zver, L., & Hofbauer, R. (2020) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.11.003 · Cited by 18
Johri, A. M., Hétu, M., Heyland, D. K., Herr, J. E., Korol, J., Froese, S., Norman, P. A., Day, A. G., Matangi, M. F., Michos, E. D., et al. (2022) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-022-00661-9 · Cited by 18
“Though epidemiological studies [12] and randomized trials [9] have suggested a possible reduction of cardiovascular risk factors following treatment, other animal and human studies have shown that L-C may increase pro-atherogenic metabolites such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) [13–15].”
ResultShannon, C. E., Ghasemi, R., Greenhaff, P. L., & Stephens, F. B. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12885 · Cited by 19
Scientific Papers and Patents on Substances with Unproven Effects. Part 2
Jargin, S. V. (2019) · Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation · doi:10.2174/1872211313666190819124752 · Cited by 18
Chrysant, S. G. (2015) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2015.42 · Cited by 17
Guimarães, S. M. D. S., Cruz, W., da Silva, L. E., MACIEL, G. C., Huguenin, A. B., de Carvalho, M., Costa, B., da Silva, G. A., Costa, C. D. S., D'Ippolito, J. A., et al. (2017) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000465531 · Cited by 16
Role of L-carnitine in Cardiovascular Health: Literature Review
Elantary, R., & Othman, S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.70279 · Cited by 15
“Further systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (N=3629) was conducted by James J. DiNicolantonio et al. to determine the effects of L-carnitine vs. placebo or control on mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), angina, heart failure, and reinfarction [6].”
MethodDjenane, D., & Aïder, M. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.125246.3 · Cited by 15
“More specifically, carnitine is associated with a 65% decrease in ventricular arrhythmias and 40% in heart attacks (DiNicolantonio et al. 2013).”
Liao, D., Liu, X., Yuan, X., Feng, P., Ouyang, Z., Liu, Y., & Li, C. (2021) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2021.1988559 · Cited by 15
Musazadeh, V., Alinejad, H., Esfahani, N. K., Kavyani, Z., Keramati, M., Roshanravan, N., Mosharkesh, E., & Dehghan, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1214734 · Cited by 14
Yaghubi, E., Daneshpazhooh, M., Djalali, M., Mohammadi, H., Sepandar, F., Fakhri, Z., Ghaedi, E., Keshavarz, S. A., Balighi, K., Mahmoudi, H., et al. (2019) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13049 · Cited by 14
Lai, Y., Lee, M., Ho, G., Liu, C., & Hsu, B. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092000 · Cited by 14
“A meta-analysis revealed that l-carnitine is associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality compared to placebo for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease [33].”
BackgroundLi, H.-R., Zheng, X.-M., Liu, Y., Tian, J.-H., Kou, J., Shi, J.-Z., Pang, X., Xie, X., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1155/2022/9615674 · Cited by 14
“For example, increasing free fatty acid and glucose oxidation with L-carnitine (LC) is shown to improve heart health [3, 14, 15].”
BackgroundMetabolic remodeling in chronic heart failure
Wang, J., & Guo, T. (2013) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b1300137 · Cited by 14
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (n=3629) was conducted to determine the effects of L-carnitine vs. placebo or control on mortality, CHF, etc. Compared with the placebo or control, L-carnitine can significantly reduce these outcome events (Dinicolantonio et al., 2013).”
MethodL-Carnitine Consumption, Its Metabolism by Intestinal Microbiota, and Cardiovascular Health
McCarty, M. F. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.004 · Cited by 14
Chen, Z., Lu, D., Qi, B., Wu, Y., Xia, Y., Chen, A., Li, S., Tang, H., Qian, J., & Ge, J. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28145345 · Cited by 13
“The protective role of myocardial carnitines was supported not only by studies in patients with genetic carnitine deficiency that resulted in special cardiomyopathy [27,28] but also by the clinical benefit of carnitine supplementation in HF patients [4].”
BackgroundEnergy drink consumption can induce cardiovascular events, two case reports and a literature review
Chami, M., & Primio, S. D. (2023) · Annales de Toxicologie Analytique · doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2023.09.005 · Cited by 16
Significance of L-carnitine in internal medicine
Sizova, Z. M., Ших, Е. В., & Махова, А. А. (2019) · Terapevticheskii arkhiv · doi:10.26442/00403660.2019.01.000040 · Cited by 13
Biomedical role of L-carnitine in several organ systems, cellular tissues, and COVID-19
Al-Dhuayan, I. S. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Biology · doi:10.1590/1519-6984.267633 · Cited by 16
López-Maldonado, A., Pastoriza, S., & Rufián‐Henares, J. Á. (2021) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2021.05.002 · Cited by 12
“Such observations differ from a multitude of studies demonstrating beneficial effects of ALC on metabolic and cardiovascular health (Di Nicolantonio et al., 2013; Ussher et al., 2013; Serban et al., 2016; Song et al., 2017; Asadi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultEffect of intravenous l-carnitine in Chinese patients with chronic heart failure
Jing, Z., Wu, B., Peng, J., Li, X., Pan, L., Zhao, S., Li, D., Yu, Z., Gong, J., Zhao, Q., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/suw008 · Cited by 11
“L-Carnitine supplementation has given promising results in CHF, but warrants further study.(12,18) This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of LC as treatment for CHF.”
MethodThe origin of trimethylamine- N-oxide (TMAO) and its role in development of atherosclerosis
He, Z., & Chen, Z. (2018) · Journal of Food Bioactives · doi:10.31665/jfb.2018.2138 · Cited by 12
“…revealed that compared with placebo or control, oral Lcarnitine intake was associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in angina symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (DiNicolantonio et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodCorner, T. P., Tumber, A., Salah, E., Jabbary, M., Nakashima, Y., Schnaubelt, L. I., Basak, S., Alshref, F. M., Brewitz, L., & Schofield, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00586 · Cited by 10
Kohan, N. R., Nazıfı, S., Tabandeh, M. R., & Lari, M. A. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.22074/cellj.2018.5408 · Cited by 10
“L-carnitine (L-bhydroxy-4-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid) (LC) is an amino acid derivative that plays an important role in energy production in the myocardium and is considered an essential cofactor for fatty acid β-oxidation in the heart (24, 25).”
BackgroundShingu, Y., Katoh, N., Ōoka, T., Katoh, H., & Wakasa, S. (2021) · General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11748-021-01616-2 · Cited by 10
“In a metaanalysis, the administration of l-carnitine was associated with a 65% reduction in arrhythmia after myocardial infarction [7].”
InfluentialOyanagi, E., Uchida, M., Miyakawa, T., Miyachi, M., Yamaguchi, H., 永見, 邦., Utsumi, K., & Yano, H. (2015) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.011 · Cited by 10
Donisi, I., Balestrieri, A., Vecchio, V. D., Bifulco, G., Balestrieri, M. L., Campanile, G., & D’Onofrio, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17061010 · Cited by 9
“Meta-analyses indicated that carnitine supplementation reduces arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and angina-related pain, ultimately lowering the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality [47].”
Djenane, D., & Aïder, M. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.125246.2 · Cited by 9
Savic, D., Ball, V., Curtis, M. K., Fialho, M. D. L. S., Timm, K. N., Hauton, D., West, J. A., Griffin, J. L., Heather, L. C., & Tyler, D. J. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11030191 · Cited by 10
“It has previously been shown that plasma levels of L-carnitine are reduced in both diabetes [9–11] and cardiovascular disease [12,13].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lavie, C. J., Fares, H., Menezes, A. R., & O'Keefe, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- DiNicolantonio, James J.
- Venue
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 544-551
- ISSN
- 0025-6196 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171503971
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
- Keywords
- L-carnitine, acute myocardial infarction, secondary prevention, all-cause mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, angina pectoris, reinfarction, heart failure, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Angina Pectoris, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Carnitine, Heart Failure, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Vitamin B Complex, Odds Ratio, Treatment Outcome, Secondary Prevention
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