Gut microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide as cardiovascular risk biomarker: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
Abstract
AIMS: Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is emerging as a new potentially important cause of increased cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to systematically estimate and quantify the association between TMAO plasma levels, mortality, and major adverse cardio and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). METHODS AND RESULTS: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched for ad hoc studies published up to April 2017. Associations between TMAO plasma levels, all-cause mortality (primary outcome) and MACCE (secondary outcome) were systematically addressed. A total of 17 clinical studies were included in the analytic synthesis, enrolling 26 167 subjects. The mean follow-up in our study population was 4.3 ± 1.5 years. High TMAO plasma levels were associated with increased incidence of all-cause mortality [14 studies for 16 cohorts enrolling 15 662 subjects, hazard ratio (HR): 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40-2.61, P < 0.0001, I2 = 94%] and MACCE (5 studies for 6 cohorts enrolling 13 944 subjects, HR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.33-2.11, P < 0.00001, I2 = 46%,). Dose-response meta-analysis revealed that the relative risk (RR) for all-cause mortality increased by 7.6% per each 10 μmol/L increment of TMAO [summary RR: 1.07, 95% CI (1.04-1.11), P < 0.0001; based on seven studies]. Association of TMAO and mortality persisted in all examined subgroups and across all subject populations. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrating the positive dose-dependent association between TMAO plasma levels and increased cardiovascular risk and mortality.
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High levels of trimethylamine N-oxide have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.
“High levels of TMAO have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.143–145”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [145]
Elevated circulating TMAO levels are associated with both CVD and mortality risks across multiple cohorts and continents, supporting clinical prognostic value.
“Notably, a clinical prognostic value of TMAO has been supported by multiple meta-analyses reaffirming that elevated circulating TMAO levels are associated with both CVD and mortality risks across multiple cohorts and continents.[10][11][12]”
From Impact of chronic dietary red meat, white meat, or non-meat protein on trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism and renal excretion in healthy men and women (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Meta-analyses confirm a strong clinical association between increased TMAO levels and incident adverse cardiovascular events and mortality risks in multiple populations.
“several recent meta-analyses confirm a strong clinical association between increased levels of TMAO and incident adverse cardiovascular event and mortality risks in multiple populations25–27.”
From Development of a gut microbe–targeted nonlethal therapeutic to inhibit thrombosis potential (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Meta-analyses have concluded that a strong relationship exists between elevated circulating trimethylamine N-oxide levels and both cardiovascular disease risk and mortality in multiple cohorts on different continents.
“While not all studies have observed the relationship between heightened TMAO levels and incident CVD risks, examination of extant clinical studies with TMAO in multiple meta-analyses have concluded that a strong relationship indeed exists between elevated circulating TMAO levels and both CVD risk and mortality in multiple cohorts on different continents105–107.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
In one recent meta-analysis comprising more than 25,000 subjects, a 7.6% increase in all-cause mortality was noted for each 10 μmol/L increment of trimethylamine N-oxide.
“And in one recent meta-analysis comprising >25000 subjects, a 7.6% increase in all-cause mortality was noted for each 10μmol/L increment of TMAO105.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
Human gene expression studies suggest gender differences in hepatic FMO3 expression, but reported plasma TMAO levels show no sex differences, and the prognostic value of TMAO appears similar in men and women.
“Although gene expression studies in humans have suggested gender differences in hepatic FMO3 expression, plasma levels of TMAO thus far reported have failed to show sex differences, and the prognostic value of TMAO appears to be similar in both men and women105.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
These observations have been replicated in multiple independent observational cohorts across a spectrum of CKD patients.
“These observations have since been replicated in multiple independent observational cohorts across a spectrum of CKD patients199–203.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [203]
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- Authors
- Schiattarella, G. G., Sannino, A., Toscano, E., Giugliano, G., Gargiulo, G., Franzone, A., Trimarco, B., Esposito, G., & Perrino, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Baylor University Medical Center (US)
- University Hospital of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Perrino, Cinzia
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-07-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 2948-2956
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- OpenAlex
- W2734440527
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute (GR-2009-1596220)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- trimethylamine N-oxide, gut microbiota, cardiovascular risk, all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, dose-response relationship, plasma biomarkers, cardiovascular risk markers
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Methylamines, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Stroke
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