Cited by 80Adrenal Hormones and DisordersStress Responses and CortisolEstrogen and related hormone effects

Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis: immune regulation and aspects on local organ homeostasis

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Talabér, Gergely, Jondal, Mikael, Okret, Sam·2013·Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Abstract

Systemic glucocorticoids (GCs) mainly originate from de novo synthesis in the adrenal cortex under the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis. However, research during the last 1-2 decades has revealed that additional organs express the necessary enzymes and have the capacity for de novo synthesis of biologically active GCs. This includes the thymus, intestine, skin and the brain. Recent research has also revealed that locally synthesized GCs most likely act in a paracrine or autocrine manner and have significant physiological roles in local homeostasis, cell development and immune cell activation. In this review, we summarize the nature, regulation and known physiological roles of extra-adrenal GC synthesis. We specifically focus on the thymus in which GC production (by both developing thymocytes and epithelial cells) has a role in the maintenance of proper immunological function.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.007

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  • Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production occurs in the gut and other tissues, and these glucocorticoids regulate local homeostasis, cell development, and immune activation.

    “Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production is known to occur in the gut and other tissues, and these glucocorticoids play a highly specific role in regulating local homeostasis, cell development, and immune activation (522–526).”

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Authors
Talabér, G., Jondal, M., & Okret, S.
Affiliations
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Okret, Sam
Venue
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-11
Volume
380
Issue
1-2
Pages
89-98
ISSN
0303-7207 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2035638871
Cited by
80
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI
3.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • European Commission
  • Cancerfonden
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
thymus, thymocytes, thymic epithelial cells, immune regulation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoid receptor
MeSH terms
Adrenal Glands, Animals, Brain, Cardiovascular System, Epithelium, Glucocorticoids, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Lung, Skin, Thymus Gland

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