The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 57 of the 107 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity
Open accessAbstract
Weight loss can be achieved through a variety of modalities, but long-term maintenance of lost weight is much more challenging. Obesity interventions typically result in early weight loss followed by a weight plateau and progressive regain. This review describes current understanding of the biological, behavioral, and environmental factors driving this near-ubiquitous body weight trajectory and the implications for long-term weight management. Treatment of obesity requires ongoing clinical attention and weight maintenance-specific counseling to support sustainable healthful behaviors and positive weight regulation.
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Claims the paper makes
57 of 107 cited sources checked · 28 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, the model-calculated intervention effort for the simulated patient who experiences the weight plateau at six months followed by weight regain (Figure 2, blue curves) maintains more than ~70% of their initial intervention effort until the plateau.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results describe a weight-loss plateau after 6–8 months followed by regain, and identify Figure 3C as an index of ongoing intervention effort. The Discussion also describes persistent effort over the first six months. Our copy does not state that effort remained above approximately 70% of its initial level; its Figure 2 concerns feedback control during canagliflozin treatment, not the plateau-and-regain example. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“From a purely calorie balance perspective, a patient who maintains lost weight after the first year of an intervention (Figure 2, orange curves) may be eating only about 100 kcal/d fewer than a patient who experiences long-term weight regain (Figure 2, blue curves).”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Weight regain versus maintenance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Hall, 2011, Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) says the modelled patients who regained weight returned to their original weight-maintenance diet within the first year. The Conclusions (page not provided) give a general rule relating sustained intake changes to eventual weight changes. Neither passage establishes that a patient maintaining lost weight after year one eats about 100 kcal/day less than a patient who regains it. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) describe a weight-loss trajectory followed by slow regain: intake was within 100 kcal/day of baseline at the eight-month plateau and practically at baseline after one year. They do not compare patients who maintain weight loss after year one with patients who regain it, or establish a 100 kcal/day difference between those groups. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, signals to the brain that increase appetite with weight loss could introduce subconscious biases such as portion sizes creeping upwards over time.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [37] Berthoud, 2017, Blaming the brain for obesity: integration of hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms, Gastroenterology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Set point theory” (page unavailable), the paper says that underfeeding prompts adaptive changes in food intake that return body weight toward its prior level. Its discussion of mindless eating says habitual intake can occur outside awareness. It does not connect weight-loss-induced appetite signals to portion sizes gradually increasing over time. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Outdated guidance to physicians and their patients gives the mistaken impression that relatively modest diet changes will consistently and progressively result in substantial weight loss at rate of one pound for every 3500 kcal of accumulated dietary calorie deficit21–24.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Why is it so difficult to lose weight and keep it off? > Physiological responses to weight loss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] Guth, 2014, JAMA patient page. Healthy weight loss, JAMA source
The Abstract presents the 3,500-calorie rule as patient guidance, saying that reducing intake by 500 calories daily will produce one pound of weight loss per week. The citing sentence uses Guth’s paper as an example of that guidance; its judgment that the guidance is mistaken is the citing authors’ assessment, not a claim Guth makes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites [22] NHLBI, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [23] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24] NHS, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In addition to adaptations in energy expenditure with weight loss, body weight is regulated by negative feedback circuits that influence food intake28,29.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Why is it so difficult to lose weight and keep it off? > Physiological responses to weight loss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [28] Greenway, 2015, Physiological adaptations to weight loss and factors favouring weight regain, Int J Obes (lond) source
In “Processes involved in the regulation of body weight” (page not supplied), the paper describes homeostatic signals regulating food intake and body weight and a feedback loop between the brain and peripheral organs. This supports the paraphrase about feedback circuits influencing food intake. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Ochner, 2015, Treating obesity seriously: when recommendations for lifestyle change confront biological adaptations, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The rise in obesity prevalence over the past several decades has been mirrored by industrialization of the food system7 involving increased production and marketing of inexpensive, highly-processed foods8–10 with supernormal appetitive properties11,12.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Why is it so difficult to lose weight and keep it off? > The obesogenic environment
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Stuckler, 2012, Manufacturing epidemics: the role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco, PLoS Med source
Citation 7 is attached to the food-system industrialization clause, not the later claims about inexpensive foods or appetitive properties. The Introduction (page unavailable) describes food systems becoming dependent on multinational processed-food firms and a nutrition transition toward diets associated with obesity, supporting the attributed link. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Swinburn, 2011, The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments, Lancet source
- Not matchedcites [9] Blatt, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10] Roberts, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11] Kessler, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12] Moss, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The patient’s perception of ongoing diet maintenance despite no further weight loss may arise because the physiological regulation of appetite occurs in brain regions that operate below the patient’s conscious awareness37.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [37] Berthoud, 2017, Blaming the brain for obesity: integration of hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms, Gastroenterology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Neural Control of Appetite and Food Intake’ section (page not provided) says much of the brain’s processing of food intake occurs outside awareness. The Conclusions (page not provided) similarly say homeostatic processes operate outside awareness and that weight loss cannot simply be willed. The paper does not address a patient’s perception of maintaining a diet despite a weight-loss plateau or establish that unconscious appetite regulation explains that perception. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a relatively persistent effort is required to avoid overeating to match the increased appetite that grows in proportion to the weight lost31.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
The Results state that substantial persistent effort is required to avoid eating above baseline in response to increased appetite. The Discussion says appetite increases by about 100 kcal/day per kilogram of weight lost, supporting the claim that this pressure grows with weight loss. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Obesity interventions typically result in early rapid weight loss followed by a weight plateau and progressive regain.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“weight regain is typical1–3”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Loveman, 2011, The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of long-term weight management schemes for adults: a systematic review, Health Technol Assess source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Wing, 2005, Long-term weight loss maintenance, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Partly supportedcites [3] Wu, 2009, Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis, Obes Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports partial long-term weight regain in both diet-only and diet-plus-exercise programmes. It does not establish the claimed typical sequence of rapid early loss, a plateau, and progressive regain. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, the exponential rise in calorie intake from its initially reduced value is the primary factor that halts weight loss within the first year.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Hall, 2011, Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the model predicts a progressive rise in energy intake after an initial reduction and that relaxing the reduction can explain the observed weight-loss plateau within the first year. It does not describe that rise as exponential or establish it definitively as the primary factor; it says changing diet adherence is the more likely explanation for the observed plateau. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
The Results describe an initial reduction in energy intake followed by an exponential return toward baseline, while estimated energy expenditure changed relatively little. They link this intake pattern to a weight-loss plateau after 6–8 months, supporting the claim that rising intake was the main factor halting weight loss within the first year. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In both women, large decreases in calorie intake at the start of the intervention result in rapid loss of weight and body fat leading to a modest decrease in calorie expenditure that contributes to slowing weight loss.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Hall, 2011, Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Introduction’s ‘Modelling of the dynamics of weight change’ passage (page unavailable), Figure 1D describes two women given low-calorie liquid diets and says the model reproduced their differing rates of weight loss. The paper also explains that changes in energy expenditure affect weight-loss dynamics, but our copy does not specifically report rapid body-fat loss or a modest decline in expenditure that slowed weight loss in both women. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) describe a large initial reduction in energy intake, weight loss, and relatively minor changes in energy expenditure. The paper presents an average weight trajectory, not two example women, and these passages do not establish their body-fat loss. The Results and Discussion attribute the weight-loss plateau chiefly to intake returning toward baseline, rather than to the modest expenditure decrease. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of 29 long-term weight loss studies, more than half of the lost weight was regained within two years, and by five years more than 80% of lost weight was regained (Figure 1)4.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Anderson, 2001, Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports 29 included studies. The Results report that participants maintained 44% of their initial weight loss at two years, meaning 56% was regained. At five years they maintained 21%, meaning 79%—not more than 80%—was regained. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“While self-reported diet measurements are notoriously inaccurate and imprecise34–36, it may be possible to reconcile such data with objectively quantified increases in calorie intake.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] Dhurandhar, 2014, Energy balance measurement: when something is not better than nothing, Int J Obes source
The “Self-reported energy intake” section says self-report questionnaires are seriously flawed: subjective estimates explained less than 10% of the variance in true energy intake, indicating substantial imprecision. The same section says self-reported measures systematically underestimate intake compared with doubly labeled water measurements, supporting inaccuracy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Schoeller, 1990, How accurate is self-reported dietary energy intake?, Nutr Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Winkler, 2005, The fundamental flaw in obesity research, Obes Rev source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast to the modest drop in calorie expenditure of less than 200 kcal/d at the weight plateau, appetite has risen by 400–600 kcal/d and energy intake has increased by 600–700 kcal/d since the start of the intervention.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Hall, 2011, Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) predicts that energy intake rises after an initial dietary reduction until it meets expenditure at the weight plateau. It does not report an appetite increase of 400–600 kcal/day, an intake increase of 600–700 kcal/day, or an expenditure drop of less than 200 kcal/day at that plateau. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
The Results (page unavailable) describe an initial energy-intake reduction of about 700 kcal/day, with intake returning to within 100 kcal/day of baseline at the roughly eight-month weight plateau—consistent with a 600–700 kcal/day rise from the intervention’s early low point. The Results and Discussion describe a much smaller expenditure change and an appetite increase of about 100 kcal/day per kilogram lost; the approximately 5 kg loss is consistent with the claimed 400–600 kcal/day appetite rise. The ranges are approximations from the paper’s model, not figures it states together verbatim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Weight loss can be achieved through a variety of modalities, but long-term maintenance of lost weight is much more challenging.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Substantial weight loss is possible across a range of treatment modalities, but long-term sustenance of lost weight is much more challenging, and weight regain is typical1–3.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Loveman, 2011, The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of long-term weight management schemes for adults: a systematic review, Health Technol Assess source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Wing, 2005, Long-term weight loss maintenance, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Supportedcites [3] Wu, 2009, Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis, Obes Rev source
The Introduction describes diet and physical activity as weight-loss strategies. The Discussion says achieving long-term weight loss is difficult and reports partial long-term weight regain with both diet-only and diet-plus-exercise programmes, supporting the distinction between losing weight and maintaining the loss. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Weight loss is accompanied by persistent endocrine adaptations30 that increase appetite and decrease satiety31 thereby resisting continued weight loss and conspiring against long-term weight maintenance.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Why is it so difficult to lose weight and keep it off? > Physiological responses to weight loss
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Sumithran, 2011, Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss, N Engl J Med source
- Partly supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available) reports that weight loss increases appetite and makes long-term maintenance difficult; it also says this pattern is consistent with changes in appetite-regulating hormones. The paper does not report a decrease in satiety or establish that endocrine adaptations cause the increased appetite. In the citing sentence, the separate citation 30 is attached to the endocrine-adaptations phrase. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Specifically, it has been estimated that for each kilogram of lost weight, calorie expenditure decreases by about 20–30 kcal/d whereas appetite increases by about 100 kcal/d above the baseline level prior to weight loss31.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Polidori, 2016, How strongly does appetite counter weight loss? Quantification of the feedback control of human energy intake, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
The Results report an appetite-related increase of about 100 kcal/day per kilogram lost, compared with an energy-expenditure change of about 30 kcal/day per kilogram. The Discussion specifies that the appetite increase is above baseline. The cited estimate is consistent with the sentence’s approximate figures. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Ultraprocessed foods13 now contribute the majority of calories consumed in America14 and their overconsumption has been implicated as a causative factor in weight gain15.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Why is it so difficult to lose weight and keep it off? > The obesogenic environment
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Monteiro, 2010, A new classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing, Cad Saude Publica source
Citation 13 is attached to “Ultraprocessed foods,” identifying the category used in the sentence. The paper’s “Group 3: ultra-processed food products” section (p. 3) defines that category. The claims about the majority of American calories and weight gain have separate citations and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [14] Martinez Steele, 2016, Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study, BMJ open source
Citation 14 is attached to the claim that ultra-processed foods supply the majority of calories consumed in America. The Results section reports that 57.9% of US calorie intake in 2009–2010 came from ultra-processed foods. The separate weight-gain claim carries citation 15, not this source's citation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [15] Mendonca, 2016, Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: the University of Navarra Follow-Up (SUN) cohort study, Am J Clin Nutr source
Citation 15 attaches to the weight-gain clause, not the preceding claim about US calorie consumption. The Discussion (p. 6) proposes that ultraprocessed food consumption may increase overweight and obesity risk through higher calorie intake, and the Results (p. 5) report a higher incidence among participants with greater consumption. This supports the hedged claim that overconsumption has been implicated as a factor in weight gain, without establishing causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Diets with higher protein may also offer benefits for maintaining weight loss58, particularly when the overall diet has a low glycemic index59.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > The role of diet composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Westerterp-Plantenga, 2004, High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source
- Supportedcites [59] Larsen, 2010, Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance, N Engl J Med source
The Discussion reports better maintenance of weight loss with high-protein and low-glycemic-index diets, and says participants assigned to the high-protein, low-glycemic-index diet continued to lose weight. The Results also report less weight regain in both the high-protein and low-glycemic-index groups. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite the modest weight losses associated with behavioral interventions, small weight losses can lead to impressive health improvements and risk factor reductions.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Manage expectations – both for patients and providers
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Knowler, 2002, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med source
- Partly supportedcites [87] Espeland, 2014, Impact of an intensive lifestyle intervention on use and cost of medical services among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: the action for health in diabetes, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report weight loss alongside improvements in diabetes control, blood pressure, lipids, and other health measures. But the study concerns overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes, and its intervention combined weight loss with increased physical activity; it does not establish that small weight losses alone produce these improvements across behavioral interventions generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [88] Wing, 2013, Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
The Discussion reports that participants with type 2 diabetes maintained modest weight losses and experienced improvements in glycemic control and other health measures. The Results section, “Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors” (page unavailable), reports greater initial improvements in nearly all measured risk factors with the intensive lifestyle intervention. These findings support the citing sentence’s qualified claim that modest losses can accompany health improvements, though the trial did not find fewer cardiovascular events. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Weight-loss specific behaviors associated with long term success include: frequent self-monitoring and self-weighing, reduced calorie intake, smaller and more frequent meals/snacks throughout the day, increased physical activity, consistently eating breakfast, more frequent at-home meals compared with restaurant and fast-food meals, reducing screen time, and use of portion-controlled meals or meal”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Use weight maintenance-specific counseling/strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Wing, 2005, Long-term weight loss maintenance, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Partly supportedcites [73] Pi-Sunyer, 2007, Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) describes calorie restriction, increased physical activity, and portion-controlled diets with meal replacements; the Conclusions link the intervention to weight loss at one year. Our copy does not establish the full list as behaviors associated with long-term success: it does not report the claimed meal frequency, breakfast, at-home dining, or screen-time habits, and says the long-term impact remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Thomas, 2014, Weight-loss maintenance for 10 years in the National Weight Control Registry, Am J Prev Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Wing, 2001, Successful weight loss maintenance, Annu Rev Nutr source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets may lead to spontaneous reduction in calorie reduction and increased weight loss, especially over the short term50–52.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > The role of diet composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Foster, 2003, A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Gardner, 2007, Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z weight loss study: a randomized trial, JAMA source
- Supportedcites [52] Samaha, 2003, A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study Design section describes a carbohydrate-restricted diet without an instruction to restrict fat, while the Assessment of Dietary Intake reports reduced calorie intake and a higher proportion of calories from fat in that group. The Weight Loss and discussion sections report greater weight loss over six months and suggest reduced overall calorie intake as a possible explanation. The study involved severely obese adults, and the between-group difference in reported calorie reduction was not statistically significant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Both patients and healthcare providers have wildly unrealistic expectations for weight loss outcomes.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Manage expectations – both for patients and providers
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Foster, 1997, What is a reasonable weight loss? Patients' expectations and evaluations of obesity treatment outcomes, J Consulting Clin Psychol source
- Supportedcites [83] Phelan, 2009, What do physicians recommend to their overweight and obese patients?, J Am Board Fam Med source
The Discussion reports that physicians considered about 21% weight loss acceptable and 10% disappointing, despite noting that 5%–10% produces significant health benefits and is at least as much as typical lifestyle-program outcomes. It also describes patients’ weight-loss expectations as notoriously high. The study measured physicians’ expectations; its statement about patients is background evidence it reports, not a finding from its own survey. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, diet-biology interactions for weight loss have not always been reproducible68,69 and likely explain only a fraction of the individual variability.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > The role of diet composition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68] Gardner, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [69] Gardner, 2016, Weight loss on low-fat vs. low-carbohydrate diets by insulin resistance status among overweight adults and adults with obesity: a randomized pilot trial, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
The Discussion reports that several earlier studies found a significant interaction between diet type and insulin resistance status, while this pilot study did not observe one (Discussion; Abstract, Conclusion). That supports the cited point that such diet–biology interactions have not always been reproduced. The citation is attached to the reproducibility point, not the subsequent inference about how much individual variability the interactions explain. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In contrast to the near equivalency of dietary carbohydrate and fat, dietary protein is known to positively influence body composition during weight loss55,56 and has a small positive effect on resting metabolism57.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > The role of diet composition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] Leidy, 2015, The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Mechanistic Outcomes section reports that, during weight loss, higher-protein diets preserved resting energy expenditure by an average of 142 kcal/day more than lower-protein diets. Both diets reduced resting energy expenditure, so the positive effect is relative preservation, not an absolute increase. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Westerterp-Plantenga, 2009, Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance, Annu Rev Nutr source
- Supportedcites [57] Wycherley, 2012, Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Discussion reports that, compared with a standard-protein diet during energy-restricted weight loss, a high-protein diet improved body composition by increasing fat-mass loss and reducing fat-free-mass loss. The Whole-group analysis also found a smaller reduction in resting energy expenditure, which supports a positive effect relative to the comparator—not an absolute increase in metabolism. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“it stands to reason that excessive discrepancies between expectations and actual outcomes would be demoralizing and increase negative thoughts and self-blame (which itself is associated with numerous negative health outcomes85), and may diminish long term persistence for continued behavioral change and weight loss maintenance.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Manage expectations – both for patients and providers
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [85] Kahan, 2017, The damaging effects of weight bias internalization, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
Citation 85 is attached to the parenthetical claim that self-blame is associated with negative health outcomes, not to the authors’ proposed effects of unmet expectations on persistence. The paper describes weight bias internalization as self-directed shaming and reports associations with poorer health, binge eating, and maladaptive health behaviors (Abstract; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For patients with BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 (or 27–30 kg/m2 with obesity-related comorbid conditions), obesity pharmacotherapy leads to as much as 15% weight loss in responders, with weight loss being maintained in several studies for several years90–92.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Escalate treatment as needed
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [90] Allison, 2012, Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP), Obesity (Silver Spring) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] le Roux, 2017, 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial, Lancet source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [92] Torgerson, 2004, XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the Look Ahead trial, 6% weight loss over eight years yielded improvements in a range of cardiovascular risk factors, including glycemic control and lipids, as well as less medication usage, and reduced hospitalizations and healthcare costs87,88.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Manage expectations – both for patients and providers
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [87] Espeland, 2014, Impact of an intensive lifestyle intervention on use and cost of medical services among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: the action for health in diabetes, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report improvements in diabetes-control markers and plasma lipids, as well as fewer hospitalizations, less medication use, and lower health-care costs with the intensive lifestyle intervention. They describe outcomes over 10 years, however, and do not establish that 6% weight loss over eight years yielded those benefits. The paper also notes that the intervention did not significantly reduce major cardiovascular events. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [88] Wing, 2013, Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Weight, Waist Circumference and Fitness; Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors) report 6.0% weight loss at study end, improved HbA1c and several cardiovascular risk factors, and lower use of antihypertensives, statins and insulin. But median follow-up was 9.6 years, not eight; LDL cholesterol was lower in the control group; and the Clinical Outcomes section found no significant difference in cardiovascular events, including hospitalized angina. Our copy does not report reduced overall hospitalizations or healthcare costs. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appetite changes likely play a more important role than slowing metabolism in explaining the weight loss plateau since the feedback circuit controlling long-term calorie intake has greater overall strength than the feedback circuit controlling calorie expenditure.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Explaining the weight plateau
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, changes in the food and physical activity environments tend to drive individuals towards increased intake, decreased activity, and ultimately weight gain.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Why is it so difficult to lose weight and keep it off? > The obesogenic environment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, numerous studies show that diet, exercise, and behavioral counseling, in the best of cases, only leads to 5–10% average weight loss, and few patients with significantly elevated initial weights achieve and maintain an “ideal” body weight.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Manage expectations – both for patients and providers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Helping patients to recognize and restructure the core beliefs and thought processes that underlie these patterns helps minimize behavioral fatigue and prevent or productively manage slips and lapses.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Cognitive restructuring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cycles of negative and maladaptive thoughts and coping patterns are counterproductive and demotivating.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“expecting strict, all-out efforts and clear-cut, black-and-white outcomes over the lifelong management of obesity is a recipe for frustration and failure.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Developing cognitive flexibility
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Many tendencies that promote initial weight loss are unrealistic over the long term.
- Rests on an assumption: Expecting strict, all-out efforts and black-and-white outcomes over lifelong obesity management leads to frustration and failure.
In the paper
“within each diet group there is a high degree of individual variability and anecdotal success stories abound for a wide range of weight loss diets33.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > The role of diet composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Freedhoff, 2016, Weight loss diet studies: we need help not hype, Lancet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long term behavioral changes and obesity management require ongoing attention.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Long term benefits require long term attention
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For patients with BMI greater than 40 kg/m2 (or 35–40 kg/m2 with comorbidities), bariatric surgery is a well-studied and valuable option that leads to large, sustainable weight losses in most patients93.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Escalate treatment as needed
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] Sjostrom, 2012, Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events, JAMA source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As described in the section above, long term management is improved when motivations are aligned with personal values and preferences.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Manage expectations – both for patients and providers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In the Diabetes Prevention Program, 7% weight loss over six months led to 58% reduction in development of diabetes, despite half the weight being regained over three years86.”
§ Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity > Clinical recommendations for long term weight management counseling > Manage expectations – both for patients and providers
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Knowler, 2002, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
People tend to focus on what they have not achieved rather than what they have accomplished.
“People tend to focus on what they haven’t achieved, rather than what they’ve already accomplished.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cycles of negative and maladaptive thoughts and coping patterns are counterproductive and demotivating.
“Cycles of negative and maladaptive thoughts (e.g., “What’s the point…I failed again and I’ll never lose weight!”) and coping patterns (e.g., binge eating in response to gaining a few pounds) are counterproductive and demotivating.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many tendencies that promote initial weight loss are unrealistic over the long term.
“Many tendencies that promote initial weight loss are unrealistic over the long term.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Expecting strict, all-out efforts and black-and-white outcomes over lifelong obesity management leads to frustration and failure.
“expecting strict, all-out efforts and clear-cut, black-and-white outcomes over the lifelong management of obesity is a recipe for frustration and failure.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The laws of thermodynamics apply to human energy balance and diet composition.
“The laws of thermodynamics dictate that the energy derived from macronutrients being oxidized via the intricate biochemical pathways of oxidative phosphorylation inside cells can be equated to the values measured by combusting these fuels in a bomb calorimeter.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“studies comparing dietary composition (e.g., variations in protein content, carbohydrate restriction, or glycemic index) have generally demonstrated modest effects on weight maintenance, with differences between diets attenuating over time, particularly beyond one year”
From Weight maintenance after discontinuation of GLP-1 therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Higher protein diets (1.2–1.6 g/kg of adjusted bodyweight versus standard 0.8 g/kg) may prevent this type of metabolic adaptation”
From Lifestyle Medicine for Obesity in the Era of Highly Effective Anti-Obesity Treatment (2025) · cites this paper as [270]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Some behavioral approaches to weight loss that have been shown to be helpful for preventing weight regain include strengthening satisfaction with outcomes, relapse prevention training, cognitive restructuring, developing cognitive flexibility, appealing to deeper motivations, and managing expectations”
From Lifestyle Medicine for Obesity in the Era of Highly Effective Anti-Obesity Treatment (2025) · cites this paper as [270]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the weight maintenance phase, weight regain can occur secondary to decreased energy expenditure and increased energy efficiency, which together result in a net decrease in caloric needs5–8.”
From Orforglipron for maintenance of body weight reduction: the double-blind, randomized phase 3b ATTAIN-MAINTAIN trial (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce weight in a general population have shown only transient effect on obesity (8).”
From Reversibility of Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Hormonal and metabolic changes induced by weight reduction result in elevated appetite and reduced metabolic rate [13][14][15].”
From Nutritional considerations with antiobesity medications (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle interventions (including diet, exercise and behavioural changes) are the cornerstone of obesity management with diverse benefits, but even the most intensive lifestyle interventions result in up to 10% mean weight loss (WL) and weight maintenance remains a challenge, as 80% of WL is expected to be regained over the next 5 years [4, 5].”
From What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Many patients with obesity start with a low-fat diet, which is composed of a relatively large amount of carbohydrates, because fats contain the highest calories among macronutrients [5,6].”
In the citing paper
“Increased appetite promotes increased energy intake and weight regain4,31, and is therefore likely to have contributed to a positive energy balance and thereby the weight regain of almost 50% of the initial weight loss within one year observed in the placebo group.”
In the citing paper
“Nutrient-specific effects have been postulated, but are likely to be overwhelmed by variable behavioural responses to dietary advice [65].”
In the citing paper
“Unfortunately, it is difficult for people living with obesity and T2D to achieve and maintain long-term weight loss [5].”
From Long-term Weight Loss in a Primary Care-Anchored eHealth Lifestyle Coaching Program: Randomized Controlled Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Environmental factors, such as the easy availability of high calorie foods and limited social support, further contribute to weight regain [12].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Monitoring also included tracking energy intake and physical activity, which enabled early detection of deviations from established targets [12,132].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Individuals maintaining weight loss outcomes typically engaged in 200–300 min of moderate physical activity per week, often distributed across most days of the week [12].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“These individuals consumed meals at regular intervals, which supported appetite regulation and reduced the likelihood of impulsive eating [12,132].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Their diets were generally characterized by moderate energy density and a predominance of minimally processed foods [12,132,133].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Approximately 78% of individuals maintaining weight loss outcomes reported regular breakfast consumption [12,132].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“In groups of individuals who maintained long-term weight loss, regular physical activity was reported significantly more frequently [12,125,132].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“More pronounced and predictable effects have been observed when physical activity is combined with dietary changes [12,132].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“This population was more likely to systematically monitor their weight and behaviors, engage in regular physical activity, and maintain a consistent pattern of eating habits [12,132,133].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Even if they achieve significant weight reduction, approximately one-third, more than half, and almost the total population with obesity return to their original weight within a year, 2 years, and 5 years, respectively [9].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Thus, currently, most guidelines on obesity control strongly recommend medical treatment for patients with obesity who cannot achieve adequate weight loss from lifestyle interventions [8, 9].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Numerous medications for obesity treatment have been developed mainly by exploiting the following mechanisms: (1) reducing appetite and thereby energy intake, (2) promoting energy expenditure, and (3) lowering calorie absorption [7–9].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1001/jama.2016.20036
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2018-12-18 (notice 10.1001/jama.2018.18136), not before this paper was published (2018-01).
Cited work 10.1001/jama.2016.20036 · retracted 2018-12-18 · notice 10.1001/jama.2018.18136 · this paper published 2018-01
“Snook, 2017, Change in percentages of adults with overweight or obesity trying to lose weight, 1988-2014, JAMA, 317, 971, 10.1001/jama.2016.20036”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Change in Percentages of Adults With Overweight or Obesity Trying to Lose Weight, 1988-2014
Snook, K., Hansen, A. R., Duke, C. H., Finch, K. C., Hackney, A. A., & Zhang, J. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.20036 · Cited by 55
RetractedReduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011 · cited 1×
“In the Diabetes Prevention Program, 7% weight loss over 6 months led to 58% reduction in development of diabetes, despite half the weight being regained over 3 years.(86)”
BackgroundThe Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., George, S. M., & Olson, R. D. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14854 · Cited by 9,755
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
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“Failure to achieve and maintain substantial weight loss over the long term is then simply attributed to poor adherence to the prescribed lifestyle changes, thereby potentially further stigmatizing the patient as lacking in willpower, motivation, or fortitude to lose weight.(25) It is now known that the simple calculat…”
BackgroundCardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes
The Look AHEAD Research Group (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1212914 · Cited by 2,908
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Lifestyle Medicine for Obesity in the Era of Highly Effective Anti-Obesity Treatment
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Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review
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Weight maintenance after discontinuation of GLP-1 therapies
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hall, K. D., & Kahan, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Kevin D.
- Venue
- Medical Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 183-197
- ISSN
- 0025-7125 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5764193
- OpenAlex
- W2770514262
- Cited by
- 876
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Medical Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH
- Nutrition Science Initiative
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Keywords
- obesity, weight loss maintenance, weight regain, long-term weight management, obesity intervention, behavioral factors, environmental factors, body weight regulation, counseling
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Diet, Reducing, Energy Metabolism, Health Promotion, Humans, Obesity, Self Care, Weight Gain, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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