The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Limited Mitochondrial Permeabilization Causes DNA Damage and Genomic Instability in the Absence of Cell Death
Open accessAbstract
During apoptosis, the mitochondrial outer membrane is permeabilized, leading to the release of cytochrome c that activates downstream caspases. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) has historically been thought to occur synchronously and completely throughout a cell, leading to rapid caspase activation and apoptosis. Using a new imaging approach, we demonstrate that MOMP is not an all-or-nothing event. Rather, we find that a minority of mitochondria can undergo MOMP in a stress-regulated manner, a phenomenon we term "minority MOMP." Crucially, minority MOMP leads to limited caspase activation, which is insufficient to trigger cell death. Instead, this caspase activity leads to DNA damage that, in turn, promotes genomic instability, cellular transformation, and tumorigenesis. Our data demonstrate that, in contrast to its well-established tumor suppressor function, apoptosis also has oncogenic potential that is regulated by the extent of MOMP. These findings have important implications for oncogenesis following either physiological or therapeutic engagement of apoptosis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, when MOMP affects a limited number of mitochondria, the consequent sublethal activation of caspases does not precipitate RCD but promotes genomic instability [226].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [226]
In the citing paper
“Finally, at least some cells exposed to transient apoptotic stimuli appear to survive MOMP affecting a limited number of mitochondria and the partial activation of executioner caspases by a hitherto poorly characterized process called anastasis (most likely constituting a robust adaptative response upstream of the boundary between cellular life and death) [226–228].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [226]
In the citing paper
“However, it has been shown that in conditions of sub-lethal stress, a small subset of mitochondria undergo MOMP without inducing cell death, a phenomenon called minority MOMP (miMOMP) (Ichim et al., 2015).”
From Cytoplasmic DNA: sources, sensing, and role in aging and disease (2021) · cites this paper as Ichim et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease
Jackson, S. P., & Bartek, J. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08467 · Cited by 6,092
An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours
Oltersdorf, T., Elmore, S. W., Shoemaker, A. R., Armstrong, R. C., Augeri, D. J., Belli, B., Bruncko, M., Deckwerth, T. L., Dinges, J., Hajduk, P. J., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03579 · Cited by 3,407
Mitochondria and cell death: outer membrane permeabilization and beyond
Tait, S. W. G., & Green, D. R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2952 · Cited by 2,593
Self-citationATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity
Shiloh, Y. (2003) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1011 · Cited by 2,577
Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay
Fenech, M. F. (2007) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.77 · Cited by 2,025
Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis
Sakahira, H., Enari, M., & Nagata, S. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34214 · Cited by 1,666
The coordinate release of cytochrome c during apoptosis is rapid, complete and kinetically invariant
Goldstein, J. C., Waterhouse, N. J., Juin, P. P., Evan, G. I., & Green, D. R. (2000) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/35004029 · Cited by 1,073
Li, Z., Jo, J., Jia, J., Lo, S., Whitcomb, D. J., Jiao, S., Cho, K., & Sheng, M. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.053 · Cited by 533
Colell, A., Ricci, J.-E., Tait, S., Milasta, S., Maurer, U., Bouchier-Hayes, L., Fitzgerald, P., Guio-Carrion, A., Waterhouse, N. J., Li, C. W., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.045 · Cited by 516
Self-citationDie another way – non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death
Tait, S. W. G., Ichim, G., & Green, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.093575 · Cited by 366 · cited 1×
“However, even in the absence of caspase activity, cells typically die onceMOMP has occurred, most likely due to progressive mitochondrial dysfunction (Lartigue et al., 2009; Tait et al., 2014).”
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–478 of 478
Hiki, M. (2026) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2026.112037 · Cited by 1
cGAS/STING Signaling in Ulcerative Colitis: Mechanism and Therapeutic Opportunities
Dai, X., Zhang, J., & Tang, X. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27146513 · Cited by 1
Alive failures behind the windows of cancer therapy
Islam, M. T. (2017) · International Journal of Medicine · doi:10.14419/ijm.v5i2.7035 · Cited by 1
Anastasis: Cell Survival Mechanism
Olagunju, A. S., Olorunfemi, F. G., Teibo, J. O., & Adewolu, A. M. (2020) · Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/csmmoj-6-131 · Cited by 1
Mitochondrial response of glioma cells to temozolomide
Lenz, L. S., Tórgo, D., Buss, J. H., Pereira, L. C., Bueno, M., Filippi‐Chiela, E. C., & Lenz, G. (2023) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113825 · Cited by 1
Huang, J., Yue, L., Li, B., Chen, Z.-S., Wang, Y., Yue, Z., & Guo, B. (2024) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2024.9250288 · Cited by 1
Ochiiwa, H., Wakasa, T., Kataoka, Y., Ando, K., Oki, E., Maehara, Y., Iimori, M., & Kitao, H. (2026) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.70329 · Cited by 1
Autophagy and LC3-Associated Phagocytosis Mediate the Innate Immune Response
Cunha, L. D., & Martinez, J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805420-8.00016-0 · Cited by 1
Antioxidant Effects of an Alcalase Hydrolysate from Batillus cornutus Meat
Han, H.-J., Han, E. J., Shin, E.-J., Jung, K., Heo, S., Kim, E.-A. L., Kim, K., Kwak, I., Kim, S., Seo, M.-J., et al. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_57 · Cited by 1
The Autophagy Conundrum in Cancer Development, Progression and Therapeutics
Nagini, S., Palrasu, M., & Malla, R. R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6930-2_11 · Cited by 1
Role of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during bacterial infection
Kontchou, C. W., & Häcker, G. A. (2022) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.10.002 · Cited by 1
Liu, H., He, Z., Ademi, H., Felser, A., Nuoffer, J., Bovet, C., Grosek, M., Humbel, B. M., Zlobec, I., Fiedler, M., et al. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3312729 · Cited by 1
Hachenberg, T., Meyer, J., Sielenkämper, A. W., Kraft, W., Vogt, B., Breithardt, G., & Lawin, P. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Fielder, E., Ishaq, A., Low, E., Laws, J., Calista, A., Castle, J., von Zglinicki, T., & Miwa, S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4631509 · Cited by 1
Pedley, R., Mellor, C. E. L., King, L. E., Jones, M., Taylor-Hearn, I., Mironov, A., Lawless, C., & Gilmore, A. P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657000 · Cited by 1
Nuclear sensing of mitochondrial DNA breaks enhances immune surveillancePreprint
Sfeir, A. J. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.17632/jszd6bwvtw · Cited by 1
Impact of San-mediated Signaling on Glioblastoma and Neuroblastoma Metabolism
Silva, M. R. (2018) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc006885
RESTRICTION OF APOPTOSIS IN MATURE NEURONS BY MULTIPLE REDUNDANT BRAKES
Annis, R. P. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/c7m7-pe67
Cell death through the ages: The ICDS 25th Anniversary Meeting
Mohammed, J. N., Gelles, J. D., Rubio‐Patiño, C., Serasinghe, M. N., Trotta, A. P., Lockshin, R. A., Zakeri, Z. F., & Chipuk, J. E. (2020) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.15252
Mitochondria: Potential Targets for Interventions to Counteract Senescence
Lagnado, A. B., Victorelli, S. G., & Passos, J. F. (2020) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44903-2_11
Butcher, K. (2019) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Green, D. R. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Immunology · doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.2020035038
Pro-apoptotic caspase deficiency reveals a cell-extrinsic mechanism of NK cell regulationPreprint
Olsen, T. M., Tan, W. H., Knudsen, A. C., & Rongvaux, A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459676
離島地域の中学校における地域学習の現状(その2) : 沖縄県与那国町を事例として
岩田, 貢. (2011) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Skin Cancer Induced by Pollution-Mediated ROS
Burke, K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9411-3_2
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF APOPTOSIS GENE DIVERSIFICATION IN EASTERN OYSTER IMMUNITY
Witkop, E. M. (2021) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-witkop-erin-2021
Diehl, J. A. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.725967101.793538077
Ooi, E. E., & Chan, K. R. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.735439948.793569118
Mitochondria in Cell Death Regulation
Inde, Z., Montero, J., & Sarosiek, K. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821618-7.00189-9
Die Funktionsanalyse der Caspase-3 und des Yes-associated Proteins in epithelialen Thymusneoplasien
Lahrmann, V. O. (2023) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9716
Alsowaida, D., Larsen, B. D., Hachmer, S., Azimi, M., Arezza, E., Brunette, S., Tur, S., Palii, C. G., Albraidy, B., Sørensen, C. S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614809
Gradzka-Boberda, S., Parui, I., Chakraborty, P., Anthony, D. P., Puthussery, B. K., Weber, A., Brokatzky, D., Giansanti, P., Mergner, J., Öllinger, R., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640042
Potential and value of rescuing dying neurons
You, W., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., Benedikter, B. J., Webers, C. A. B., Reutelingsperger, C. P. M., & Gorgels, T. G. M. F. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-01134 · Cited by 2
Cell Death Pathways in Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Targets
Ghosh, R., Dey, S., Hussain, A., Deep, G., & Ramteke, A. S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7336-0_2
Radiation-dependent Nucleic Acid Sensing, and Its Possible Impact on Radiotherapy
Pickering, R. J., & Zierhut, C. (2025) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000775
Speelman-Rooms, F., Troitskaya, O. S., Coxhead, H., Naveh, C., Kelepouras, K., Manik, M., Renner, A., Rajguru, D., Budimir, J., Yapici, F. I., et al. (2025) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2025.120079
A review: shining a light on cheater microbes with positive molecular detection techniques
Dakheel, K. H., Abid, S. A., Al-Kadmy, I. M. S., & Aziz, S. N. (2025) · Reviews in Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1097/mrm.0000000000000434
Tetikoğlu, S., & Uzuner, S. Ç. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8465237/v1
Spatiotemporal dynamics of Mcl-1 abundance and its influence on apoptosis susceptibilityPreprint
Klötzer, F., Pollak, N., Baatz, A., Kısakol, B., Ginty, F., Longley, D. B., Prehn, J. H. M., & Rehm, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704006
Self-citationChallis, M. P., Molé, S. M., Giri, S., Dumbrill, R., Eramo, M. J., Sharpe, A. J., Morf, S. E. J., McArthur, K., Formosa, L. E., & Ryan, M. T. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713508
Klötzer, F., Stöhr, D., & Rehm, M. (2026) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2026.03.002
Self-citationRégulation de la stabilité de la protéine anti-apoptotique BCL2A1
Lionnard, L. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1eec02ffz98dez4a56z98e2z389a2cd8558d
Balasubramaniam, L. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1099cf72zaa1bz4f7azbfc0z3067478b32d6
Eyitayo, A. R. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5ffd7262za032z4230zbbaaz9d8a596af7fc
SEMA4A promotes acute myeloid leukemia progression through inhibiting apoptosis
Li, X., Yao, B., Sun, M., Li, W., Lv, X., Luo, K., Wu, Y., Xiu, R., Ma, Y., Liu, F., et al. (2026) · Genes & Genomics · doi:10.1007/s13258-026-01763-x
Huang, C., Wu, D., Hung, L., Wu, C., Luo, S.-F., Ka, S., Chen, A., Ho, L., & Lai, J. (2026) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-026-02910-3
A century of cell death research
Green, D. R. (2026) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.264578
Noor, F., & Noor, H. (2026) · Revista de Senología y Patología Mamaria · doi:10.1016/j.senol.2026.100780
Tanisha, M. H., Siddique, M. A., Ahmed, Z., Mustafa, N., & Tasneem, F. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72501 · Cited by 1
Yu, J., Zhao, F., Zhu, Y., Zang, Z., Xu, D., Liu, D., Lu, Y., & Gao, Q. (2026) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2026.118002
Cancer as a window into mitochondrial biology
MacVicar, T., Greaves, L. C., Gammage, P. A., Tait, S. W. G., Fisher‐Wellman, K. H., & Freedman, G. (2026) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2026.05.003
Self-citationMellor, C. E. L., & Gilmore, A. P. (2026) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2026.05.021
Gilmore, A. P., Pedley, R., Mellor, C. E. L., King, L., Nelson, L., Tennant, F., Jones, M., Taylor-Hearn, I., Lawless, C., & Mironov, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9886606/v1
Yan, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, P.-F., Fu, Y., Ke, C., Han, S., Xing, J., Li, H., & Zhang, K. (2026) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.1080/15384047.2026.2689181
Green, D. R., Nunez, G., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2026.05.003
Shu, W., 何春霞, Ma, Z., Jia, L., Guo, B., Chen, P., & Wang, F. (2026) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2026.06.009
Robinson, Z. R., Fong, S. C., Choi, D. Y., Siopack, S., Bolanos-Campos, A., Morshedian, N., Utke, E., Kanda, M., Kato, C., Conboy, M. J., et al. (2026) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.206399
Skliutė, G., Kuklytė, E., Žučenka, A., Borutinskaite, V. V., & Navakauskienė, R. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62071425
Blagov, A. V., Orekhov, N. A., Rozhkova, U. V., Antonov, S. A., Utkina, A. S., & Orekhov, A. N. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Biology · doi:10.14715/cmb/2026.72.4.6
Lossi, L., Sbriz, M., Castagna, C., & Merighi, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Cell Death · doi:10.3389/fceld.2026.1823132
Zhu, C., Li, X., Li, C.-Y., Liu, R. C., & Wang, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27167398
Tennant, F., & Gilmore, A. P. (2026) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2026.103693
Compartmentalisation of death receptor signalling in cancer
Maltret, V., & Lafont, É. (2026) · Oncogenesis · doi:10.1038/s41389-026-00654-w
Basu, V., Srivastava, A., Ali, M., Kar, S., Surendran, S., & Seervi, M. (2026) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-026-02422-y
Orchestrated cell death pathways in cholangiopathies
Guicciardi, M. E., Pistorio, V., Soret, P., Steunou, V., Gores, G. J., & Gautheron, J. (2026) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2026-339264
Liu, D., He, B., Zhou, X., Yang, Y., Song, M., & Xu, X. (2026) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-026-05058-6
Liu, B. C., Poudel, S., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Tran, Q., Guy, C. S., Yang, M., Mulder, H. L., Ma, X., & Green, D. R. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeb1137
Anastasis: an unwelcome guest in cancer therapy
Luo, Y., Lei, Y., Deng, J., Yu, Y., Qian, L., & Xiong, Y. (2026) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-026-02455-3
Zhang, N., Freeman, D. D., & Polster, B. M. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15201839
Luo, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, J., Wu, Z., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1991837
Al-Adayleh, T. Y. M., Ahmad, W., Murugaiyah, V., Afzal, S., & Attiq, A. (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.117619
Scrambling inflames the STING of chemoresistance
Yang, F., & Bratton, S. B. (2026) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-026-02113-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Ichim, G., Lopez, J., Ahmed, S. U., Muthalagu, N., Giampazolias, E., Delgado, M. E., Haller, M., Riley, J. S., Mason, S. M., Athineos, D., Parsons, M. J., van de Kooij, B., Bouchier-Hayes, L., Chalmers, A. J., Rooswinkel, R. W., Oberst, A., Blyth, K., Rehm, M., Murphy, D. J., & Tait, S. W. G.
- Affiliations
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NL)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tait, Stephen W.G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 860-872
- ISSN
- 1097-2765 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4352766
- OpenAlex
- W2099583458
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 14.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2015-06-04)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Sunderland Repository (University of Sunderland) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (22311)
- Royal Society
- European Commission
- National Institutes of Health
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/K008374/1)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI108685)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, apoptosis, caspase activation, cytochrome c release, DNA damage, genomic instability, cell transformation, carcinogenesis, tumor suppression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biphenyl Compounds, DNA Damage, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Mammalian, Fibroblasts, HeLa Cells, Histones, Humans, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nitrophenols, Permeability, Piperazines, Sulfonamides, Time Factors, Blotting, Western, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Microscopy, Confocal, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Staurosporine, Caspases, Genomic Instability, HCT116 Cells, Cell Line, Tumor, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19, Mitochondrial Membranes, MCF-7 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
