Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Italian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory
Open accessAbstract
Background Central sensitization (CS) is an important feature in patients with chronic pain. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was developed with the goal of detecting the patients' symptoms related to CS.Objectives This study aimed at cross-culturally adapting the CSI into Italian, and at assessing its structural and construct validity in patients with different chronic pain disorders.Design Clinimetric study.Methods The Italian version of the CSI (CSI-I) was generated following forward and backward translations, expert committee review, and pilot-testing. Patients with pain for ≥3 months were eligible if diagnosed with: low back pain (LBP), temporomandibular disorder (TMD), hand osteoarthritis (HOA), fibromyalgia (FM), or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Structural validity was assessed with exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis based on minimum rank factor analysis; construct validity was evaluated by testing ten hypotheses on: 1) expected differences between relevant subgroups, 2) expected correlations with other instruments measuring pain intensity, physical functioning, psychological functioning, headache symptoms, and pain self-efficacy.Results 220 patients were included: 35% with LBP, 17% with TMD, 19% with HOA, 9% with FM, and 20% with RA. Factor analyses revealed that the CSI-I is a unidimensional instrument. Construct validity was satisfactory since 80% of the hypotheses were met.Conclusions The CSI-I was successfully developed and exhibited satisfactory validity in patients with chronic pain. Its reliability, responsiveness and content validity should be investigated in future studies. Until robust evidence indicates a strong relationship between CS and the CSI-I, caution should be adopted in claiming that the CSI-I measures CS.
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The cross-cultural adaptation of the CSI showed that its Italian version has good reliability and content validity.
“The cross-cultural adaptation of the CSI showed that its Italian version has good reliability and content validity.31”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for prevention of chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty. (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
The paper reports that the CSI was adapted into Italian, but its Abstract says reliability and content validity should be investigated in future studies. The Discussion likewise calls for a future reliability assessment and says content validity needs further study. It reports satisfactory structural and construct validity, not the claimed reliability and content validity. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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“42 points in adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain, a score lower than those reported in clinical samples of adults.(23,27,28,52) Nevertheless, Cuesta-Vargas et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultPsychological factors and trajectories of post-surgical pain: a longitudinal prospective study
Giusti, E. M., Lacerenza, M., Gabrielli, S., Manzoni, G. M., Manna, C., D’Amario, F., Marcacci, M., & Castelnuovo, G. (2022) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13074 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Antonio, S. D., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Ponzano, M., Bovis, F., Torelli, P., Pelosin, E., Finocchi, C., & Castaldo, M. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102800 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Baroni, A., Severini, G., Straudi, S., Buja, S., Borsato, S., & Basaglia, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.552650 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Central sensitization was assessed using the Italian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-I) (Chiarotto et al., 2018).”
MethodSalaffi, F., Farah, S., Bianchi, B., & Carlo, M. D. (2023) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.2023-0177 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tests for central sensitization in general practice: a Delphi study
den Boer, C., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., & van der Horst, H. E. (2021) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-021-01539-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“These constructs are probably related to CS, but further research is needed to establish the validity of the CSI [51].”
BackgroundAntonio, S. D., Castaldo, M., Ponzano, M., Bovis, F., Torelli, P., Finocchi, C., & Arendt‐Nielsen, L. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2021-0050 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Salaffi, F., Carotti, M., Farah, S., Ceccarelli, L., Giovagnoni, A., & Carlo, M. D. (2022) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-022-00995-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The Italian CSI showed excellent construct validity, a good discriminative power and excellent test–retest reliability (Chiarotto et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMikkonen, J., Luomajoki, H. A., Airaksinen, O., Neblett, R., Selander, T. A., & Leinonen, V. (2021) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02151-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“However, in previous Spanish [21] and Italian [30] Table 3 Number of subject-reported diagnoses on CSI part B by three subject subgroups (N = 229)”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSalaffi, F., Farah, S., Mariani, C., Sarzi‐Puttini, P., & Carlo, M. D. (2022) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13162 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“It has been shown to be a reliable and valid psychometric instrument for identifying individuals vulnerable to pain.(13,16) A systematic review has shown that the CSI has strong psychometric properties, (ie, test– retest reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, criterion validity, cross- cultural validit…”
MethodPain-related Self-efficacy Among People With Back Pain
Vergeld, V., & Utesch, T. (2020) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000818 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Holm, L., Nim, C. G., Lauridsen, H. H., Filtenborg, J. B., & O’Neill, S. F. D. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2021-0090 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sherwani, S., Khan, M. W. A., Rajendrasozhan, S., Al-Motair, K. A., Husain, Q., & Khan, W. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1425691 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Symptoms of CS include chronic pain, allodynia (pain from stimuli that do not usually provoke pain), hypersensitivity, hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to painful stimuli), and mood changes (anxiety, panic attacks, and depression) (61–63).”
BackgroundSchirle, L. M., Samuels, D. C., Faucon, A. B., Cox, N. J., & Bruehl, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.01.018 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Asquini, G., Devecchi, V., Viscuso, D., Bucci, R., Michelotti, A., Liew, B. X. W., & Falla, D. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104721 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kim, M. S., Koh, I. J., Kim, C. K., Choi, K. Y., Kim, C. Y., & In, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242912 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Akeda, K., Yamada, J., Takegami, N., Fujiwara, T., Murata, K., Kono, T., Sudo, T., Imanishi, T., Asanuma, Y., Kurata, T., et al. (2021) · Global Spine Journal · doi:10.1177/21925682211047473 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xu, C., Yao, S., Wei, W., Zhang, H., Ma, J., & Shang, L. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04375-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“These scores were lower than those reported in Germany (43.6 ± 15.0) [22], Korea (33.4 ± 15.7) [30], Serbia (38.3 ± 15.7) [26], Italy (35.3 ± 14.6) [29], Brazil (45.4 ± 17.4) [32], and Hong Kong of China (36.4 ± 13.1) [23].”
InfluentialHurth, A., Steege, J. N.-T., Scheepbouwer, P., Roose, E. C. S., Lahousse, A., Leysen, L., Stas, L., Kregel, J., Salvat, É., & Nijs, J. (2021) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract11030076 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Several authors have reported moderate correlations between the CSI and physical functioning measures [22,38,41].”
BackgroundMadi, M., Hamzeh, H., Abujaber, S., & Altubasi, I. M. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.2006322 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Central Pain Sensitization in Patients with Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
Bellinato, F., Gisondi, P., Fassio, A., & Girolomoni, G. (2023) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-023-00917-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The CSI has been cross-culturally adapted and tested in Italian [14].”
MethodPatient-Reported Outcome Measures Used in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Review of the Literature
Taimeh, D., Ríordáin, R. N., Fedele, S., & Leeson, R. (2023) · Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache · doi:10.11607/ofph.3264 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kosińska, B., Tarnacka, B., Turczyn, P., Gromadzka, G., Malec‐Milewska, M., Janikowska-Hołoweńko, D., & Neblett, R. (2021) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02510-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Similar to our group, the Italian patient group was also recruited from physiotherapy and rheumatology clinics [24].”
ResultLiang, D., Yu, X., Guo, X., Zhang, J., & Jiang, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282419 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Antonio, S. D., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Ponzano, M., Bovis, F., Torelli, P., Pelosin, E., Finocchi, C., & Castaldo, M. (2023) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-07118-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A cutoff value of 40 is normally used in the literature [26].”
MethodNimbi, F. M., Renzi, A., Mesce, M., Limoncin, E., & Galli, F. (2024) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae096 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The role of interoceptive sensibility on central sensitization to pain in vulvodynia
Scarpina, F., Navarra, M. E., Varallo, G., & Bernorio, R. (2024) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae203 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Salaffi, F., Carotti, M., Farah, S., Ciccullo, C., Gigante, A. P., Bandinelli, F., & Carlo, M. D. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15010022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The Italian version of the CSI has demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability, strong discriminative power, and high construct validity [55].”
Noorollahzadeh, K., Kahrizi, S., Fesharaki, M. G., Heidarian, M., Neblett, R., & Behzadipour, S. (2020) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102314 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Central Sensitization in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Tomašević-Todorović, S. (2023) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.15 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nimbi, F. M., Mesce, M., Limoncin, E., Renzi, A., & Galli, F. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100472 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The CSI has demonstrated satisfactory validity among CP patients, with higher scores indicating a greater manifestation of central sensitivity or CP related distress.”
InfluentialAkhter, F., Bobos, P., Otalike, E. G., Tiwaa-Boateng, N. A., Firth, A., Karp, I., & Gagnier, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-025-00919-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For example, almost all the studies assessing content validity [31–34, 36, 39, 44, 49, 50, 57, 59, 63, 69, 71, 73, 74, 80] got a doubtful rating due to a lack of adequate information (e.g., sample size, use of appropriate methods to engage patients, qualifications of interviewers or moderators, use…”
Central sensitization in women with endometriosis: a cross-sectional study
Biasioli, A., Previtera, F., Mazzera, I., Degano, M., Zermano, S., Tius, V., Piacenti, I., Seracchioli, R., Raimondo, D., Martina, M. D., et al. (2026) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-026-04348-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…(CSS), a group of conditions characterized by chronic nociplas-tic pain such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic fatigue syndrome, restless leg syndrome, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint disorder, migraine or tension headaches, multiple chemical sensitivities, and neck injury [12].”
Desai, M. J., Brestle, M. D., & Jonely, H. (2024) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13411 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Whole-Body Cryostimulation in Functional Neurological Disorders: A Case Report
Verme, F., Fontana, J. M., Piterà, P., Alito, A., Saffioti, S., Baccalaro, G., Zebellin, G., & Capodaglio, P. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010071 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) [25], the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) [26], a numeric rating scale for pain (NPRS) [27], the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) [28], the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [29], the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) [30], the World Health Organisation—”
MethodBakhtadze, M. A., Kukushkin, M. L., Churyukanov, M. V., Давыдов, О. С., Proskuryakov, K. V., & Kachanovsky, M. S. (2021) · Russian Journal of Pain · doi:10.17116/pain20211903112 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liang, D., Yu, X., Guo, X., & Zhang, J. (2022) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2022-100919 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lopes, T. D. S., Ballas, S. K., Santana, J. E. R. S., de Melo-Carneiro, P., de Oliveira, L. A. B., Sá, K. N., Lopes, L. C. D., Silva, W. D. S., Lucena, R., & Baptista, A. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3745971 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Venturin, D., Battimelli, A., di Cara, G., & Poser, A. (2024) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2024.2336099 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The patient reported a score of 46 points, indicating the presence of a clinical picture characterized by CS (Chiarotto et al., 2018).”
Nimbi, F. M., Renzi, A., Limoncin, E., & Galli, F. (2024) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2024.2411065 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) (Chiarotto et al., 2018): This measure was developed to assess the overlapping symptomatic dimensions of the central sensitivity syndrome.”
Wiangkham, T., Phungwattanakul, N., Rinpol, T., Somsiri, A., Mainoiy, S., Bannathong, T., Sanso, S., Kongmee, I., Jaiyote, S., Kuesoongnern, S., et al. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2149863 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The English (0.88) [13], Italian (0.87) [18], Japanese (0.89) [43], and Spanish (0.87) [17] versions were still in a good range, but somewhat lower than the CSI-Thai.”
BackgroundInfluentialNimbi, F. M., Palla, L., Bottiroli, S., Castelli, L., Sarzi‐Puttini, P., & Galli, F. (2025) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112203 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biasioli, A., Zermano, S., Previtera, F., Arcieri, M., Martina, M. D., Raimondo, D., Raffone, A., Restaino, S., Vizzielli, G., & Driul, L. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13121646 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In recent years, molecular phenotypes have emerged among women with endometriosis that may be related to the presence of a range of diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, fibromyalgia, autoimmune diseases, and vulvodynia [38].”
BackgroundCaruso, A., Latella, G., Giacomo, D. D., Cavicchioli, M., & Galli, F. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103374 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy for prevention of chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty.
Giusti, E. M., Castelnuovo, G., Manna, C., Varallo, G., Cattivelli, R., Petrachi, B. V., Stramba-Badiale, M., & Spatola, C. A. M. (2026) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaf145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“31 In this study, the Cronbach’s α of the CSI was 0.79.”
InfluentialTamboosi, S. E., Alzahrani, H. A., Alshehri, F. H., Alzhrani, M., & Alshehri, Y. S. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18251 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yin, H., Neblett, R., Mu, Y., Wu, Q., Li, Y., Shi, C., & Zhu, B. (2025) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2024.12.017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brindisino, F., Silvestri, E., Fioretti, A., Pulina, F., Conteduca, J., Ledesma, S. N., Barbosa, G. M., & Struyf, F. (2026) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/prm/6298409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The Italian cross-culturally adapted version of the CSI was used in this study [35].”
Roby, N. U., Packham, T., MacDermid, J. C., & Carlesso, L. C. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac189 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Asquini, G., Devecchi, V., Bianchi, A. E., Borromeo, G., Tessera, P., & Falla, D. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069327 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tang, R., Wan, D., Leng, C., Fan, X., Li, Y., Ma, J., Huang, Y., & Xu, C. (2024) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s499700 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Castaldo, M., Atzori, T., Comanducci, A., Querzola, G., Derchi, C., Lovattini, D., Manzoni, C., Lovati, C., Baglio, F., Tiberio, P., et al. (2025) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps8020022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This protocol follows the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines [39] and is designed and will be reported in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) [40].”
Castaldo, M., Viganò, A., Giordano, R., Ebbesen, B. D., Guidotti, S., Fiduccia, A., Pruneti, C. A., Chiara, M. D., Caroccia, N., Giannella, M., et al. (2025) · Minerva Anestesiologica · doi:10.23736/s0375-9393.25.18694-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hirotsu, S., Abiko, T., Tatsuda, A., Makio, S., Harada, T., & Murata, S. (2025) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-025-09551-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Asquini, G., Devecchi, V., Borromeo, G., Tessera, P., Russillo, A., Michelotti, A., Bucci, R., & Falla, D. (2025) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.70092 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The Italian version has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87, indicating acceptable internal consistency [48].”
InfluentialTraumatic experiences and central sensitization across the nociplastic pain spectrum
Cavicchioli, M., Scalzeri, M., Benfante, A., Torelli, A., Cangelosi, M., Bottiroli, S., Castelli, L., Caruso, A., Nimbi, F. M., Mesce, M., et al. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2605193 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assessment of Central Sensitivity Syndrome and Sensory Processing Sensitivity: A Systematic Review
Mas, M. D. L. M. B., Chamorro-Moriana, G., Almeda, N., Ridao-Fernández, C., & Sánchez-Fernández, M. (2026) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Raimondo, D., Bertoldo, L., Aguzzi, A., Ramelli, G., Arcilesi, M., Maletta, M., Doglioli, M., Neola, D., Paccapelo, A., Scarperi, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2026.06.028 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Karateev, A. E., Сергеевна, Ф. Е., Pogozheva, E. Y., Amirdzhanova, V. N., Nasonov, E. L., Lila, A. M., Vi, M., De, A., Baranov, A. A., Lapkina, N. A., et al. (2020) · Modern Rheumatology Journal · doi:10.14412/1996-7012-2020-2-69-75 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Antonio, S. D., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Ponzano, M., Bovis, F., Torelli, P., Finocchi, C., & Castaldo, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4090415
Quartuccio, L., Spinelli, F. R., Farah, S., Bazzani, C., Nacci, F., Fornaro, M., Iacono, D., Baldi, C., Perniola, S., Longhino, S., et al. (2023) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.4509
den Boer, C. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.157
Sahin, T., Saçaklıdır, R., Sancar, M., & Öztürk, E. C. (2024) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-240231
“They were used in CSI part B, but part B was not used in our study since it is difficult to measure and evaluate [27] and we think there is a deficiency in terms of HACS-related diseases.”
Losada-del-Pozo, M. Á., González, J. L., Villafañe, J. H., Corbellini, C., & López‐López, A. (2025) · Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual · doi:10.31083/bp45892
“The original English version was developed by Mayer et al. (2012) on 451 subjects and validated into several languages and cultures, including Brazilian-Portuguese (Caumo et al, 2017), Dutch (Kregel et al, 2016), French (Pitance et al, 2016), Italian (Chiarotto et al, 2018) and Spanish (Cuesta-Vargas et al, 2016), amo…”
Klute, M., Laekeman, M., Kuss, K., Petzke, F. W., Dieterich, A. V., Leha, A., Neblett, R., Ehrhardt, S., Ulma, J., & Schäfer, A. G. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15253866
Additional file 4 of Tests for central sensitization in general practice: a Delphi study
den Boer, C., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., & van der Horst, H. E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16835051
Additional file 1 of Tests for central sensitization in general practice: a Delphi study
den Boer, C., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., & van der Horst, H. E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16835042
Xu, C., Yao, S., Wei, W., Zhang, H., Ma, J., & Shang, L. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24804215
Klute, M., Laekeman, M., Kuss, K., Petzke, F. W., Dieterich, A. V., Leha, A., Neblett, R., Ehrhardt, S., Ulma, J., & Schäfer, A. G. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15253863
Klute, M., Laekeman, M., Kuss, K., Petzke, F. W., Dieterich, A. V., Leha, A., Neblett, R., Ehrhardt, S., Ulma, J., & Schäfer, A. G. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15253857
Additional file 3 of Tests for central sensitization in general practice: a Delphi study
den Boer, C., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., & van der Horst, H. E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16835048
Additional file 6 of Tests for central sensitization in general practice: a Delphi study
den Boer, C., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., & van der Horst, H. E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16835057
Additional file 2 of Tests for central sensitization in general practice: a Delphi study
den Boer, C., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., & van der Horst, H. E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16835045
Klute, M., Laekeman, M., Kuss, K., Petzke, F. W., Dieterich, A. V., Leha, A., Neblett, R., Ehrhardt, S., Ulma, J., & Schäfer, A. G. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15253851
Additional file 5 of Tests for central sensitization in general practice: a Delphi study
den Boer, C., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., & van der Horst, H. E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16835054
Semonella, M., Luca, A. D., Rodighiero, C., Andersson, G., Buhrman, M., Donisi, V., Usubini, A. G., Landi, G., Manna, C., Pasini, I., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1813251
Plaut, S. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15166174
Lioudaki, P. E., Nicolantonio, S. D., D’Angelo, M. A., Strada, M., Monaco, A., Cattaneo, R., Basile, F., & Ortu, E. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13111249
- Authors
- Chiarotto, A., Viti, C., Sulli, A., Cutolo, M., Testa, M., & Piscitelli, D.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Chiarotto, Alessandro
- Venue
- Musculoskeletal Science and Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 37
- Pages
- 20-28
- ISSN
- 2468-7812 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2808183596
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Musculoskeletal Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- Central Sensitization Inventory, central sensitization, cross-cultural adaptation, Italian adaptation, chronic pain, low back pain, temporomandibular disorders, hand osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, construct validity, structural validity, psychometric properties
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Translations, Reproducibility of Results, Central Nervous System Sensitization, Chronic Pain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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