The value of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) as a test of retention in pharmacological investigations of memory

Hughes, Robert N.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.006

Cited by 641Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesSpatial Cognition and Navigation

The value of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) as a test of retention in pharmacological investigations of memory

Hughes, Robert N.·2004·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.006

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Because of its reliance on memory, the tendency for rats, mice and other animals to alternate successive choices of T- or Y-maze arms has assumed considerable popularity in pharmacological studies of spatial memory as a quick and simple measure of retention that avoids the need for extensive training and the use of conventional reinforcers. Two forms of this tendency have been utilized, namely two-trial and continuous spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB). However, as the behavior can also reflect drug-related changes in sensory/attentional, motivational and performance processes, SAB should not be unquestionably accepted as a measure of memory alone. While assessments of post-acquisition drug effects on longer term memory may be possible through the appropriate timing of drug administration, this is more problematic if SAB is used as a measure of shorter term memory. Even though SAB can be a useful index of responsiveness to novelty, its value as a measure of retention is less certain. In this latter respect, a possible alternative to SAB testing might be the recently developed form of the related procedure, responsiveness to change.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.006

Cites

116 of 116 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Y-maze was used to evaluate spatial working memory.
“A symmetrical Y maze was used to evaluate spatial working memory [49].”
From Selective suppression of the α isoform of p38 MAPK rescues late-stage tau pathology (2016) · cites this paper as [49]

Spatial localization does not require the presence of local cues
Morris, R. G. M. (1981) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(81)90020-5 · Cited by 2,699 · see citing works
Remembrance of places passed: Spatial memory in rats.
Olton, D. S., & Samuelson, R. J. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.2.2.97 · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Human Memory and the Cholinergic System
Drachman, D. A. (1974) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1974.00490320001001 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Functions of Varied Experience
Berlyne, D. E., Fiske, D. W., & Maddi, S. R. (1963) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419183 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
The neurobiological basis of spontaneous alternation
Lalonde, R. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00041-0 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Facilitation of Conditioned Fear Extinction by Systemic Administration or Intra-Amygdala Infusions of d-Cycloserine as Assessed with Fear-Potentiated Startle in Rats
Walker, D. L., Ressler, K. J., Lu, K.-T., & Davis, M. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-06-02343.2002 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board
File, S. E., & Wardill, A. G. (1975) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00421184 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview
Lewis, B. L. (1996) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1996.0030 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter for learning and memory?
Blokland, A. (1995) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(95)00016-x · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Attenuation of scopolamine-induced impairment of spontaneous alternation behaviour by antagonist but not inverse agonist and agonist ?-carbolines
Sarter, M. F., Bodewitz, G., & Stephens, D. (1988) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00212843 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Spontaneous alternation behavior.
Dember, W. N., & Fowler, H. (1958) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0045446 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Analysis of exploratory, manipulatory, and curiosity behaviors.
Dember, W. N., & Earl, R. W. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046861 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Reinforcement and Behavior
(1969) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-11584-x · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory
Gold, P. E. (2003) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2003.07.003 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Dissociation of hippocampus and caudate nucleus memory systems by posttraining intracerebral injection of dopamine agonists.
Packard, M. G., & White, N. M. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.105.2.295 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Cues for spontaneous alternation.
Douglas, R. J. (1966) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023668 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Alternation and exploration in rats with hippocampal lesions.
Roberts, W. W., Dember, W. N., & Brodwick, M. S. (1962) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045168 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Chronic neuroinflammation in rats reproduces components of the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease
Hauss‐Wegrzyniak, B., Dobrzański, P., Stoehr, J. D., & Wenk, G. L. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01215-8 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose.
Ragozzino, M. E., Unick, K., & Gold, P. E. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.10.4693 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Muscarinic cholinergic influences in memory consolidation
Power, A. (2003) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/s1074-7427(03)00086-8 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
D-cycloserine, a positive modulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, enhances performance of learning tasks in rats
Monahan, J. B., Handelmann, G. E., Hood, W. F., & Cordi, A. A. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90571-6 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The Development of Hippocampal Function: Implications for Theory and for Therapy
Douglas, R. J. (1975) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2979-4_11 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Stimulus satiation: an explanation of spontaneous alternation and related phenomena.
Glanzer, M. (1953) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0062718 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Brain-Acetylcholine and Inhibition
Carlton, P. L. (1969) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-683650-9.50015-7 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Behavioral evidence for a modulating role of σ ligands in memory processes. I. Attenuation of dizocilpine (MK-801)-induced amnesia
Maurice, T., Hiramatsu, M., Itoh, J., Kameyama, T., Hasegawa, T., & Nabeshima, T. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91397-8 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Role of glucose in regulating the brain and cognition
Gold, P. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.4.987s · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Memory: A Review of Animal Experiments
Hagan, J. J., & Morris, R. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0933-8_7 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Behavioral tests of hippocampal function: simple paradigms complex problems
Gerlai, R. T. (2001) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00296-0 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Intrinsic exploration in animals: motives and measurement
Hughes, R. N. (1997) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(97)00055-7 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citation
A new continuous alternation task in T-maze detects hippocampal dysfunction in mice
Gerlai, R. T. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00214-3 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Purpose and cognition: the determiners of animal learning.
Tolman, E. C. (1925) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0072784 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Behaviour of male and female rats with free choice of two environments differing in novelty
Hughes, R. N. (1968) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(68)90116-4 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citation
Facilitation of maze learning with posttrial injections of picrotoxin.
Breen, R. A., & McGaugh, J. L. (1961) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046436 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Action decrement and its relation to learning.
Walker, E. L. (1958) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0049177 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Serotonergic and cholinergic involvement in habituation of activity and spontaneous alternation of rats in a maze.
Swonger, A. K., & Rech, R. H. (1972) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033690 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The influence of work on behavior.
Solomon, R. L. (1948) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0055527 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Response by the rat to environmental change.
Dember, W. N. (1956) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045411 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Learning when the onset of illumination is used as the reinforcing stimulus.
Kish, G. B. (1955) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040782 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Thiamine deficiency in rats produces cognitive and memory deficits on spatial tasks that correlate with tissue loss in diencephalon, cortex and white matter
Langlais, P. J., & Savage, L. M. (1995) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(94)00162-9 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Neglected aspects of exploratory and investigatory behavior
Renner, M. (1990) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03327209 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The effects of hippocampectomy on alternation behavior and response to novelty
Means, L. W., Leander, J. D., & Isaacson, R. L. (1971) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(71)90006-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mid-life onset of dietary restriction extends life and prolongs cognitive functioning
Means, L. W., Higgins, J. L., & Fernandez, T. J. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90243-9 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Spontaneous alternation behavior in animals: A review
Richman, C. L., Dember, W. N., & Kim, P. (1986) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686603 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Viewing psychology as a whole: The integrative science of William N. Dember.
(1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10290-000 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Some effects of scopolamine on a passive avoidance response in rats
Meyers, B. (1965) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00404171 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior
Dember, W. N., & Richman, C. L. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Behavioral effects of lesions of the medial septum of rats.
Clody, D. E., & Carlton, P. L. (1969) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026756 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Short-term memory, exploration and locomotor activity in aged rats
Willig, F., Palacios, A. G., Monmaur, P., M'Harzi, M., Laurent, J., & Delacour, J. (1987) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(87)90033-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Influence of dystrophin-gene mutation onmdx mouse behavior. I. Retention deficits at long delays in spontaneous alternation and bar-pressing tasks
Vaillend, C., Rendón, Á., Misslin, R., & Ungerer, A. (1995) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf02327580 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Some comparisons among the calming and pain-relieving effects of sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose in infant rats
Blass, E. M., & Shide, D. J. (1994) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/19.3.239 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Scopolamine disrupts maintenance of attention rather than memory processes
Cheal, M. (1981) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(81)91612-5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Pharmacological evidence supporting a role for galanin in cognition and affect
Wrenn, C. C., & Crawley, J. N. (2001) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(00)00156-1 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Milacemide, a glycine prodrug, enhances performance of learning tasks in normal and amnestic rodents
Handelmann, G. E., Nevins, M. E., Mueller, L. L., Arnolde, S. M., & Cordi, A. A. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90281-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Interaction between cholinergic and catecholaminergic agents in a spontaneous alternation task
Kokkinidis, L., & Anisman, H. (1976) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00496859 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Food deprivation and locomotor exploration in the white rat
Hughes, R. N. (1965) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(65)90068-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavioral Profile of CCK2 Receptor- deficient Mice
Daugé, V. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00291-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Stimulus context and satiation.
Kivy, P., Earl, R. W., & Walker, E. L. (1956) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040984 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The relationship between stereotypy and memory improvement produced by amphetamine
Carr, G. D., & White, N. M. (1984) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00427774 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effects of purine analogues on spontaneous alternation in mice
Hooper, N. K., Fraser, C. M., & Stone, T. W. (1996) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246579 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Memory deficits subsequent to chronic consumption of alcohol in mice: An analysis based on spontaneous alternation behavior
Béracochéa, D., & Jaffard, R. (1985) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(85)90014-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Reversion of β25–35-amyloid peptide-induced amnesia by NMDA receptor-associated glycine site agonists
Maurice, T., Lockhart, B. P., Su, T., & Privat, A. (1996) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00710-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Spontaneous alternation and septal lesions.
Douglas, R. J., & Raphelson, A. C. (1966) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023657 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effects of ?9-THC, LSD-25 and scopolamine on continuous, spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze
Drew, W. G., Miller, L. L., & Baugh, E. L. (1973) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00428688 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of methamphetamine on novelty-seeking behaviour by mice
Misslin, R., & Ropartz, P. (1981) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00433499 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Long‐term deprivation of oestrogens by ovariectomy potentiates β‐amyloid‐induced working memory deficits in rats
Yamada, K., Tanaka, T., Zou, L., Senzaki, K., Yano, K., Osada, T., Olariu, A., Ren, X., Kameyama, T., & Nabeshima, T. (1999) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702811 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dissociation of the effects of scopolamine and d-amphetamine on a spontaneous alternation task
Kokkinidis, L., & Anisman, H. (1976) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(76)90081-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effect of posttraining injections of glucose on acquisition of two appetitive learning tasks
Packard, M. G., & White, N. M. (1990) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03327244 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The effects of a mild stressor on spontaneous alternation in mice
Bats, S., Thoumas, J., Lordi, B., Tonon, M., Lalonde, R., & Caston, J. (2001) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00285-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Analysis of variables influencing alternation after forced trials.
Estes, W. K., & Schoeffler, M. S. (1955) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043836 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effects of endomorphins-1 and -2, endogenous μ-opioid receptor agonists, on spontaneous alternation performance in mice
Ukai, M., Watanabe, Y., & Kameyama, T. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00179-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Attenuation of stimulus sensitivity by scopolamine
Brown, K., & Warburton, D. M. (1971) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03335964 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Differential effects of electroconvulsive shock on concurrent spatial memories: “Old” memories are impaired while “new” memories are spared
Maki, W. S. (1985) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(85)91347-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Scopolamine induced changes in activity and reactions to novelty
Hughes, R. N., Blampied, N. M., & Stewart, W. J. (1975) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(75)90098-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
A review of atropinic drug effects on exploratory choice behavior in laboratory rodents
Hughes, R. N. (1982) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(82)91384-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of caffeine on discrimination learning, consolidation, and learned behavior in mice
Castellano, C. (1976) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00496858 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effects of the κ-opioid dynorphin A(1–13) on learning and memory in mice
Ukai, M., Itoh, J., Kobayashi, T., Shinkai, N., & Kameyama, T. (1997) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)86063-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Phylogenetic Comparisons
Hughes, R. N. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1_3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior and the Brain
Douglas, R. J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1_5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A reappraisal of scopolamine effects on inhibition
Millar, K. S., Halgren, C. R., & Heise, G. A. (1978) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(78)90290-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Responsiveness to brightness change in male and female rats following treatment with the partial agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, d-cycloserine
Hughes, R. N. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.028 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Free-Choice by the Rat of the Greater of Two Brightness Changes
Dember, W. N., & Millbrook, B. A. (1956) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1956.2.3.465 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Spontaneous alteration and response to stimulus change in the ferret.
Hughes, R. N. (1965) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022310 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
The roman strains of rats as a psychogenetic tool for pharmacological investigation of working memory: example with RU 41656
Willig, F., de Velde, D. V., Laurent, J., M'Harzi, M., & Delacour, J. (1992) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245169 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Responsiveness to brightness change in hooded rats: effects of sex and procedure
Hughes, R. N. (2001) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00177-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Delayed spontaneous alternation in weaver mutant mice
Lalonde, R. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91265-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Modification of novelty preferences in rats by current and prior treatment with scopolamine and methylscopolamine
Horsburgh, R. J., & Hughes, R. N. (1981) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00426472 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of glucose on responsiveness to change in young adult and middle-aged rats
Hughes, R. N. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00056-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
The reinforcing effects of response-contingent light increment and decrement in hooded rats.
Robinson, J. S. (1961) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047984 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Effects of Calcium Channel Antagonists on Short- and Long-Term Retention in Mice Using Spontaneous Alternation Behavior
Quartermain, D., & deSoria, V. G. (2001) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.2000.3981 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Spontaneous alternation and D-amphetamine
Adkins, J., Packwood, J. W., & Marshall, G. L. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03336500 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Response to Stimulus Change in the Opossum
Platt, J. J., & James, W. (1967) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1967.10543054 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Scopolamine impairs response-to-change based on distal cues in the rat
Poucet, B., & Buhot, M.-C. (1989) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(89)90003-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Spatial learning and morphine-rewarded place preference negatively correlates in mice
Xu, N., Wang, L., Wu, C., & Pei, G. (2001) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00479-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Endomorphin-1 improves scopolamine-induced impairment of short-term memory via μ1-opioid receptor in mice
Ukai, M., Katoh, T., & Mamiya, T. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200112040-00024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prevention of memory loss for a brightness change in adult and middle-aged rats by postacquisition treatment with glucose
Hughes, R. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00192-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of pre- and post-trial caffeine administrations on simultaneous visual discrimination in three inbred strains of mice
Castellano, C. (1977) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00431632 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Automatisation du test de la Planche à trous
Boissier, J. R., & Simon, P. (1967) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(67)90067-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Involvement of κ-opioid and σ receptors in short-term memory in mice
Hiramatsu, M., Hoshino, T., Kameyama, T., & Nabeshima, T. (2002) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02388-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Search for Cues and Motives
Dember, W. N. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1_2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Response of dark- and light-reared rats to stimulus change.
Walk, R. D. (1960) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040203 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The effects of exposure time and retention interval on response to environmental change in rats.
Lukaszewska, I. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sex-related glucose effects on responsiveness to brightness change in middle-aged rats
Hughes, R. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00814-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interacting effects of handling and d-amphetamine on avoidance learning
Griffiths, D. H., & Wahłsten, D. (1974) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(74)90095-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stimulus-Change Effects of Forcing in Alternation Behavior
Hughes, R. N. (1966) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.2.515 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Using SAB as a Tool: Advice from a Veteran
Douglas, R. J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1_8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Scopolamine: effects on conditioned suppression
Smith, A. A., & Calhoun, W. H. (1972) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(72)90020-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The effect of scopolamine on the stimulus change phenomenon
Stewart, W. J. (1975) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(75)90120-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Spontaneous alternation in ferrets following treatment with scopolamine, chlordiazepoxide, and caffeine
Hughes, R. N., & Greig, A. M. (1975) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03337495 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sex-related Responsiveness to Changes in Tactile Stimulation in Hooded Rats
Hughes, R. N., & Kleindienst, H. F. (2004) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2004.17.04.04 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neurochemical and Neuroanatomical Correlates of Behavioral Habituation and Sensitization: An Overview and Elaboration of Animal Experimentation
Kokkinidis, L. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior in Rats as a Function of Brightness Cues
Richman, C. L., Chappell, L., Crowe, D., Perry, P. C., & Redfearn, L. (1970) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.27.2.356 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brightness and direction as cues for spontaneous alternation behavior
Pate, J. L., & DeLoache, J. S. (1970) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332311 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stimulus Change Effects of Forcing on Maze Arm Selection in Hamsters
Hughes, R. N., & Blackman, D. E. (1969) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640746908400194 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Spontaneous alternation behavior in animals: Mechanisms, motives, and applications.
Hughes, R. N. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10290-012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Forcing, Stimulus-Change and Alternation
Hughes, R. N., & Swanberg, K. M. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.31.3.902 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Historical Overview
Dember, W. N. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Regulation of Tau Pathology by the Microglial Fractalkine Receptor
Bhaskar, K., Konerth, M., Kokiko-Cochran, O. N., Cardona, A., Ransohoff, R. M., & Lamb, B. T. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.023 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
“Behavioral Analysis A symmetrical Y maze was used to evaluate spatial working memory (Hughes, 2004).”
SIRT1 Is Essential for Normal Cognitive Function and Synaptic Plasticity
Michan, S., Li, Y., Chou, M. M.-H., Parrella, E., Ge, H., Long, J. M., Allard, J. S., Lewis, K., Miller, M., Xu, W., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0027-10.2010 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
“The percentage of alternations per total entries was then calculated (Hughes, 2004).”
Method
-Amyloid Oligomers Induce Phosphorylation of Tau and Inactivation of Insulin Receptor Substrate via c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling: Suppression by Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Curcumin
Ma, Q.-L., Yang, F., Rosario, E. R., Ubeda, O. J., Beech, W., Gant, D. J., Chen, P. P., Hudspeth, B., Chen, C., Zhao, Y., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1071-09.2009 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
“fully isolate memory from other causes of behavioral defects, deficits in working memory measured with SAB in the Y-maze have been widely used to identify cognitive deficits in different transgenic AD mouse models (Hughes, 2004), including APPsw Tg2576 mice (King and Arendash, 2002; Ognibene et al.”
Method
Lactate Produced by Glycogenolysis in Astrocytes Regulates Memory Processing
Newman, L. A., Korol, D. L., & Gold, P. E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028427 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Minocycline promotes dendritic spine maturation and improves behavioural performance in the fragile X mouse model
Bilousova, T. V., Dansie, L., Ngo, M., Aye, J., Charles, J. R., Ethell, D. W., & Ethell, I. M. (2009) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2008.061796 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
A Dramatic Increase of C1q Protein in the CNS during Normal Aging
Stephan, A. H., Madison, D. V., Mateos, J. M., Fraser, D. A., Lovelett, E. A., Coutellier, L., Kim, L., Tsai, H.-H., Huang, E. J., Rowitch, D. H., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1333-13.2013 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
“A triad was defined as a set of consecutive arm entries (Drew et al., 1973; Hughes, 2004).”
Background
The microtubule-stabilizing agent, epothilone D, reduces axonal dysfunction, neurotoxicity, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer-like pathology in an interventional study with aged tau transgenic mice
Zhang, B., Carroll, J., Trojanowski, J. Q., Yao, Y., Iba, M., Potuzak, J. S., Hogan, A.-M. L., Xie, S. X., Ballatore, C., Smith, A. B., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4922-11.2012 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
“Working memory was analyzed using a Y-maze test (Hughes, 2004; Carroll et al., 2007) in which performance was assessed by determining whether the mice remembered which of the three arms of the maze they previously explored.”
Method
Caffeine and adenosine A2a receptor antagonists prevent β-amyloid (25–35)-induced cognitive deficits in mice
Dall'Igna, O. P. P., Neto, P. F., Gomes, M. W. S., Souza, D. O., Cunha, R. A., & Lara, D. R. (2006) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.008 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Adenosine A2AReceptor Blockade Prevents Synaptotoxicity and Memory Dysfunction Caused by β-Amyloid Peptides via p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway
Canas, P. M., Porciúncula, L. O., Cunha, G. M. A., Silva, C. G., Machado, N. J., Oliveira, J. M. A., Oliveira, C. R., & Cunha, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3728-09.2009 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“Hippocampal-dependent memory performance was assessed by measuring spontaneous alternation performance during 8 min in the Y-maze test, which allows evaluating cognitive searching behavior, although it does not allow isolating memory performance (for review, see Hughes, 2004).”
Method
High fat diet produces brain insulin resistance, synaptodendritic abnormalities and altered behavior in mice
Arnold, S. E., Lucki, I., Brookshire, B. R., Carlson, G. C., Browne, C. A., Kazi, H., Bang, S., Choi, B., Chen, Y., McMullen, M. F., et al. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.011 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Dysregulation of BDNF/TrkB signaling mediated by NMDAR/Ca2+/calpain might contribute to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aging mice
Qiu, L.-L., Pan, W. X., Luo, D., Zhang, G.-F., Zhou, Z., Sun, X., Yang, J., & Ji, M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1695-x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Progranulin protects against amyloid β deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease mouse models
Minami, S. S., Min, S.-W., Krabbe, G., Wang, C., Zhou, Y., Asgarov, R., Li, Y., Martens, L. H., Elia, L. P., Ward, M. E., et al. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3672 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“The cued version of the Y-maze assesses short-term memory of the familiarity of a specific context 63 .”
PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade harnesses monocyte-derived macrophages to combat cognitive impairment in a tauopathy mouse model
Rosenzweig, N., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Tsitsou-Kampeli, A., Keren‐Shaul, H., Ben-Yehuda, H., Weill-Raynal, P., Cahalon, L., Kertser, A., Baruch, K., Amit, I., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08352-5 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Learning, AMPA receptor mobility and synaptic plasticity depend on n‐cofilin‐mediated actin dynamics
Rust, M. B., Gurniak, C. B., Renner, M. L., Vara, H., Morando, L., Görlich, A., Sassoé‐Pognetto, M., Banchaabouchi, M. A., Giustetto, M., Triller, A., et al. (2010) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2010.72 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Curcumin Suppresses Soluble Tau Dimers and Corrects Molecular Chaperone, Synaptic, and Behavioral Deficits in Aged Human Tau Transgenic Mice
Ma, Q., Zuo, X., Yang, F., Ubeda, O. J., Gant, D. J., Alaverdyan, M., Teng, E., Hu, S., Chen, P., Maiti, P., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.393751 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze has been used as a measure of spatial working memory (30).”
Method
Free and nanoencapsulated curcumin suppress β-amyloid-induced cognitive impairments in rats: Involvement of BDNF and Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway
Hoppe, J. B., Coradini, K., Frozza, R. L., de Oliveira, C. M., Meneghetti, A., Bernardi, A., Pires, E. N. S., Beck, R. C. R., & Salbego, C. G. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.001 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
A behavioural comparison of acute and chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in C57BL/6JArc mice
Long, L. E., Chesworth, R., Huang, X., McGregor, I. S., Arnold, J. C., & Karl, T. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145709990605 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“The natural tendency of mice to alternate successive entry choices of arms in a Y-maze (spontaneous alternation) is used as an assessment of memory retention (Hughes, 2004).”
Method
Revisiting Metchnikoff: Age-related alterations in microbiota-gut-brain axis in the mouse
Scott, K. A., Ida, M., Peterson, V. L., Prenderville, J. A., Moloney, G. M., Izumo, T., Murphy, K., Murphy, A., Ross, R. P., Stanton, C., et al. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.004 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“The Y-maze was performed as a test of spontaneous alternation, used to assess exploration, cognition and hippocampal-dependent memory (Hughes 2004, Senechal et al. 2007).”
Rodent models in Down syndrome research: impact and future opportunities
Hérault, Y., Delabar, J. M., Fisher, E., Tybulewicz, V. L. J., Yu, E. Y., & Brault, V. (2017) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.029728 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“Short-term working memory was assessed with continuous spontaneous alternation behaviour mostly using the Y-maze test (Box 1) (Hughes, 2004).”
Method
Assessment of Spontaneous Alternation, Novel Object Recognition and Limb Clasping in Transgenic Mouse Models of Amyloid-β and Tau Neuropathology
Miedel, C. J., Patton, J. M., Miedel, A. N., Miedel, E. S., & Levenson, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/55523 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Engineering the gut microbiota to treat hyperammonemia
Shen, T. D., Albenberg, L. G., Bittinger, K. L., Chehoud, C., Chen, Y., Judge-Golden, C. P., Chau, L., Ni, J., Sheng, M., Lin, A. C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci79214 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Using a lower dose of TAA to reduce mortality, we analyzed memory and spatial learning in a Y maze test (36) comparing prepared/ASF mice with mice transplanted with normal microbiota (referred to herein as prepared/normal microbiota mice; Figure 7 and Supplemental Figure 3, B and C) as a control.”
Method
Genetic-background modulation of core and variable autistic-like symptoms in Fmr1 knock-out mice
Pietropaolo, S., Guilleminot, A., Martin, B., D'Amato, F. R., & Crusio, W. E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017073 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Spontaneous alternation, expressed as a percentage, refers to that proportion of arm choices differing from the previous two [58,59].”
Background
Chronic, Intermittent Microdoses of the Psychedelic <i>N</i> , <i>N</i> -Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Produce Positive Effects on Mood and Anxiety in Rodents
Cameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., DeFelice, B. C., Fiehn, O., & Olson, D. E. (2019) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00692 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Neuropeptides in learning and memory
Borbély, É., Scheich, B., & Helyes, Z. (2013) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.012 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“These tests are only beneficial in the assessment of working memory (Hughes, 2004).”
Background
Toxoplasma gondiiinfection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?
Webster, J. P., Kaushik, M., Bristow, G. C., & McConkey, G. A. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.074716 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Continuous spontaneous alternation has been widely used as a simple measure of short-term spatial working memory and can reflect responsiveness to novelty as well as sensory and attentional factors (Hughes, 2004).”
Background
Neuroprotective Effects of Resveratrol Against Aβ Administration in Rats are Improved by Lipid-Core Nanocapsules
Frozza, R. L., Bernardi, A., Hoppe, J. B., Meneghetti, A. B., Matté, A., Battastini, A. M. O., Pohlmann, A. R., Guterres, S. S., & Salbego, C. (2013) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8401-2 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Hippocampal-dependent memory performance was assessed by measuring spontaneous alternation performance during 8 min in the Y-maze test, which evaluates cognitive searching behavior, although it does not allow isolating memory performance (reviewed in [35]).”
Method
Neotic preferences in laboratory rodents: Issues, assessment and substrates
Hughes, R. N. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.11.004 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Nevertheless , in spite of this qualification, responsiveness to change has considerable potential for investigating neotic preference and may be preferable to SAB especially if such preference is used for measuring retention in studies of memory (Hughes, 2004b).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Performance of Male and Female C57BL/6J Mice on Motor and Cognitive Tasks Commonly Used in Pre-Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Tucker, L. B., Fu, A. H., & McCabe, J. T. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3977 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“The y-maze spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) test, to assess hippocampal-dependent working (short-term) memory, was performed on postinjury day 10, as previously described.(34,35) The apparatus consisted of three arms at a 120-degree angle to one another with a triangular central zone.”
Method
Proestrous compared to diestrous wildtype, but not estrogen receptor beta knockout, mice have better performance in the spontaneous alternation and object recognition tasks and reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus and mirror maze
Walf, A., Koonce, C. J., Manley, K., & Frye, C. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.09.016 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Although there is little evidence for direct comparisons of specific cortical and hippocampal circuitry for spontaneous alternation and object recognition memory, and lesion studies have yet to demonstrate irrefutable evidence of the role of these regions, there is some indication from the literature that performance…”
Background
The Free-movement pattern Y-maze: A cross-species measure of working memory and executive function
Cleal, M., Fontana, B. D., Ranson, D. C., McBride, S. D., Swinny, J. D., Redhead, E. S., & Parker, M. O. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01452-x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“The alternative method is the continuous Y-maze, in which animals are permitted free exploration throughout the trial, typically lasting 5–8 minutes; the sequence of arm entries is recorded, and working memory capability is determined by the percentage of spontaneous alternation (entry into three different arms in suc…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Selective suppression of the α isoform of p38 MAPK rescues late-stage tau pathology
Maphis, N., Jiang, S., Xu, G., Kokiko-Cochran, O. N., Roy, S. M., Van Eldik, L. J., Watterson, D. M., Lamb, B. T., & Bhaskar, K. (2016) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0221-y · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“A symmetrical Y maze was used to evaluate spatial working memory [49].”
Long-Term Cognitive Impairments and Pathological Alterations in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Luo, J., Nguyen, A., Villeda, S., Zhang, H., Ding, Z., Lindsey, D. P., Bieri, G., Castellano, J. M., Beaupré, G. S., & Wyss‐Coray, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00012 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“A triad was defined as a set of consecutive arm entries (34).”
Background
Heteromeric channels formed by TRPC1, TRPC4 and TRPC5 define hippocampal synaptic transmission and working memory
Bröker‐Lai, J., Kollewe, A., Schindeldecker, B., Pohle, J., Nguyễn, V., Mathar, I., Guzman, R. E., Schwarz, Y. N., Lai, A., Weißgerber, P., et al. (2017) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201696369 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“However, the unconventional Y-maze protocol applied in the study of Xing et al does neither specifically assess spontaneous alternation, spatial working, nor reference memory, as it has been reliably shown by other groups (Hughes, 2004; Fuchs et al , 2007).”
Cognitive deficits in the rat chronic mild stress model for depression: Relation to anhedonic-like responses
Henningsen, K., Andreasen, J. T., Bouzinova, E. V., Jayatissa, M. N., Jensen, M. S., Redrobe, J. P., & Wiborg, O. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.039 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Selective Inhibition of Alpha/Beta-Hydrolase Domain 6 Attenuates Neurodegeneration, Alleviates Blood Brain Barrier Breakdown, and Improves Functional Recovery in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury
Tchantchou, F., & Zhang, Y. (2012) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2647 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“37,38 Histology Histological analysis was performed on frozen brain sections to measure the lesion volume using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and the number of degenerative cells was determined using Fluoro-Jade B (FJ-B) staining.”
Maternal deprivation effects on brain plasticity and recognition memory in adolescent male and female rats
Marco, E. M., Valero, M., de la Serna, O., Aisa, B., Borcel, É., Ramírez, M. J., & Viveros, M. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.014 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Loss of spatacsin function alters lysosomal lipid clearance leading to upper and lower motor neuron degeneration
Branchu, J., Boutry, M., Sourd, L., Depp, M., Leone, C., Corriger, A., Vallucci, M., Esteves, T., Matusiak, R., Dumont, M., et al. (2017) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.007 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gintonin, a Ginseng-Derived Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Ligand, Attenuates Alzheimer's Disease-Related Neuropathies: Involvement of Non-Amyloidogenic Processing
Hwang, S. H., Shin, E., Shin, T., Lee, B., Choi, S.-H., Kang, J., Kim, H., Kwon, S., Jang, C., Lee, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-120439 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Long-term cognitive and neurochemical effects of “bath salt” designer drugs methylone and mephedrone
den Hollander, B., Rozov, S. V., Linden, A.-M., Uusi‐Oukari, M., Ojanperä, I. A., & Korpi, E. R. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.10.006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A novel adeno-associated virus capsid with enhanced neurotropism corrects a lysosomal transmembrane enzyme deficiency
Tordo, J., O’Leary, C., Antunes, A. S. L. M., Palomar, N., Aldrin-Kirk, P., Basche, M., Bennett, A., D’Souza, Z., Gleitz, H., Godwin, A., et al. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy126 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The results obtained from the Y-maze test correlate with GFP expression data showing hippocampal vector expression and suggest that effectively transducing these areas can restore hippocampal based learning.”
Influential
A Ketogenic Diet Improves Cognition and Has Biochemical Effects in Prefrontal Cortex That Are Dissociable From Hippocampus
Hernandez, A. R., Hernandez, C. M., Campos, K., Truckenbrod, L., Federico, Q., Moon, B., McQuail, J. A., Maurer, A. P., Bizon, J. L., & Burke, S. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00391 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Although rats tend to default to an alternation strategy in most mazes (Lalonde, 2002; Hughes, 2004), because the right arm of the maze utilized in this study was enclosed by walls and the left arm of the maze was open (no walls; see Figure 1), rats required extensive training to alternate without…”
Background
Impaired spatial working memory and decreased frontal cortex BDNF protein level in dopamine transporter knockout mice
Li, B., Arime, Y., Hall, F. S., Uhl, G. R., & Sora, I. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.036 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Although prefrontal cortex lesions impair spontaneous alternation (Mogensen andDivac, 1993),manipulations of several other brain regions also affect spontaneous alternation (Lalonde, 2002), and performance in spontaneous alternation tests is open to attentional and motivational confounds (Hughes, 2004).”
Background
Gallic acid disruption of Aβ1–42 aggregation rescues cognitive decline of APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse
Yu, M., Chen, X., Liu, J., Ma, Q., Zhuo, Z., Chen, H., Zhou, L., Yang, S., Zheng, L., Ning, C., et al. (2018) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.009 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Adenosine A2A receptor blockade prevents memory dysfunction caused by β-amyloid peptides but not by scopolamine or MK-801
Cunha, G. M. A., Canas, P. M., Melo, C. S., Hockemeyer, J., Müller, C. E., Oliveira, C. R., & Cunha, R. A. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.013 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mouse models of genetic effects on cognition: Relevance to schizophrenia
Papaleo, F., Lipska, B. K., & Weinberger, D. R. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.025 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
ALK5-dependent TGF-β signaling is a major determinant of late-stage adult neurogenesis
He, Y., Zhang, H., Yung, A. R., Villeda, S., Jaeger, P. A., Olayiwola, O., Fainberg, N. A., & Wyss‐Coray, T. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3732 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“A triad was defined as a set of consecutive arm entries 55 .”
Over-expression of RCAN1 causes Down syndrome-like hippocampal deficits that alter learning and memory
Martin, K., Corlett, A., Dubach, D., Mustafa, T., Coleman, H. A., Parkington, H. C., Merson, T. D., Bourne, J. A., Porta, S., Arbonés, M. L., et al. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds134 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Mice with intact spatial short-term memory are more likely to enter and explore an arm that is not familiar and will have higher levels of spontaneous alternation behaviour (42).”
Background
Amyloid precursor protein knockout mice show age-dependent deficits in passive avoidance learning
Sénéchal, Y., Kelly, P. H., & Dev, K. K. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.08.003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid System: the Direct and Indirect Involvement in the Memory and Learning Processes—a Short Review
Kruk-Słomka, M., Dzik, A., Budzyńska, B., & Biała, G. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0313-5 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Although the parameters of PA concerning the memory-related effects stayed unaffected [36], the contextual fear memory was reported both to be enhanced and to be impaired [56].”
Background
Insulin modulates hippocampally-mediated spatial working memory via glucose transporter-4
Pearson-Leary, J., Jahagirdar, V., Sage, J., & McNay, E. C. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.033 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Rats tend to visit the leastrecently visited arm, using spatial working memory to recall arm-visit history [46,47]; they are allowed to explore the maze freely for 20 min, after which alternation scores are calculated by dividing the percentage of alternations (defined as a visit to each of the 4 arms within each span…”
Method
Ellagic acid: Insights into its neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects in sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Jha, A., Panchal, S. S., & Shah, A. (2018) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.007 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Total arm entry (TAE), % error, and % spontaneous alteration score (% SAS) were determined (Hughes, 2004; Võikar et al., 2004; Wietrzych et al., 2005) after assessment with Kinovea 0.”
MethodInfluential
Rodent neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage mimics the human brain injury, neurological consequences, and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus
Lekic, T., Manaenko, A., Rolland, W. B., Krafft, P. R., Peters, R., Hartman, R. E., Altay, O., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.003 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“The T-Maze assessed short-term (working) memory ability (Hughes, 2004).”
Background
Chronic Adolescent Exposure to Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in COMT Mutant Mice: Impact on Psychosis-Related and Other Phenotypes
O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., Hryniewiecka, M., Behan, Á. T., Tighe, O., Coughlan, C. A., Desbonnet, L., Cannon, M. D., Karayiorgou, M., Gogos, J. A., Cotter, D., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.100 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Antipsychotic-induced Hdac2 transcription via NF-κB leads to synaptic and cognitive side effects
Ibi, D., Revenga, M. D. L. F., Kezunovic, N., Muguruza, C., Saunders, J. M., Gaitonde, S. A., Moreno, J. L., Ijaz, M. K., Santosh, V., Kozlenkov, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4616 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Chronic exposure to ethanol of male mice before mating produces attention deficit hyperactivity disorder‐like phenotype along with epigenetic dysregulation of dopamine transporter expression in mouse offspring
Kim, P., Choi, C. S., Park, J. H., Joo, S. H., Kim, S. Y., Ko, H. M., Kim, K. C., Jeon, S. J., Park, S. H., Han, S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23275 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Mice with Deficient BK Channel Function Show Impaired Prepulse Inhibition and Spatial Learning, but Normal Working and Spatial Reference Memory
Typlt, M., Mirkowski, M., Azzopardi, E., Ruettiger, L., Ruth, P., & Schmid, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081270 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“In order to achieve this, the animals need to recall which arm they visited last (for review see: [39–41]).”
Background
Parvalbumin and GAD65 Interneuron Inhibition in the Ventral Hippocampus Induces Distinct Behavioral Deficits Relevant to Schizophrenia
Nguyen, R., Morrissey, M. D., Mahadevan, V., Cajanding, J. D., Woodin, M. A., Yeomans, J. S., Takehara‐Nishiuchi, K., & Kim, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2204-14.2014 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“We then examined the effect of vHPC PV neuron inhibition on spatial working memory by conducting the T-maze continuous spontaneous alternation task (Gerlai, 1998; Dudchenko, 2004; Hughes, 2004).”
Method
Pre- and postnatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide causes behavioral and cognitive impairments in adult mice: evidence of cortical ad hippocampal dysfunction
Ait-Bali, Y., Ba-M’hamed, S., Gambarotta, G., Sassoé‐Pognetto, M., Giustetto, M., & Bennis, M. (2020) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02677-7 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Y‑maze Y-maze was used to assess working memory performances (Hughes 2004).”
Method
Interleukin-1 receptor on hippocampal neurons drives social withdrawal and cognitive deficits after chronic social stress
DiSabato, D. J., Nemeth, D. P., Liu, X., Witcher, K. G., O’Neil, S. M., Oliver, B., Bray, C. E., Sheridan, J. F., Godbout, J. P., & Quan, N. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0788-3 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Pentraxin 3 mediates neurogenesis and angiogenesis after cerebral ischaemia
Rodriguez‐Grande, B., Varghese, L., Molina‐Holgado, F., Rajkovic, O., Garlanda, C., Dénes, Á., & Pinteaux, E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0227-y · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Short-term memory was measured in a Y-maze as described previously [20].”
Targeting JNK for therapeutic depletion of stem-like glioblastoma cells
Matsuda, K., Satō, A., Okada, M., Shibuya, K., Seino, S., Suzuki, K., Watanabe, E., Narita, Y., Shibui, S., Kayama, T., et al. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00516 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Knockout in Mice Impairs Contextual Long-Term Memory and Enhances Spatial Working Memory
Li, Y., & Kim, J. (2015) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/9817089 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Alternation of arm entries is driven by an instinct of a mouse to visit a novel place and requires the mouse to remember which arms it entered in its immediately previous exploration (for review, see [54]).”
Background
Phenotypic characterization of cognition and social behavior in mice with heterozygous versus homozygous deletion of catechol-O-methyltransferase
Babovic, D., O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., O'Connor, A. M., O'Sullivan, G. J., Tighe, O., Croke, D. T., Karayiorgou, M., Gogos, J. A., Cotter, D., & Waddington, J. L. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Indomethacin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules reduce the damage triggered by Aβ1-42 in Alzheimer’s disease models
Bernardi, A., Frozza, R. L., Meneghetti, Hoppe, Battastini, A. M. O., Pohlmann, Guterres, S. S., & Salbego (2012) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s35333 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Spatial memory tasks in rodents: what do they model?
Morellini, F. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1668-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Spontaneous alternation and win-shift tests in T and Y mazes Tand Y mazes are almost exclusively used to measure working memory in rats and mice (Hughes 2004).”
Method
The autism- and schizophrenia-associated protein CYFIP1 regulates bilateral brain connectivity and behaviour
Domínguez-Iturza, N., Lo, A. C., Shah, D., Armendáriz, M., Vannelli, A., Mercaldo, V., Trusel, M., Li, K. W., Gastaldo, D., Santos, A. R., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11203-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A quantitative analysis of spontaneous alternation behaviors on a Y-maze reveals adverse effects of acute social isolation on spatial working memory
Kim, J., Kang, H., Lee, Y., Lee, B., & Lee, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41996-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas axis integrity is required for the expression of object recognition memory
Lazaroni, T. L. D. N., Raslan, A. C. S., Fontes, W. R. P., Oliveira, M. L., Bäder, M., Alenina, N. V., Moraes, M. F. D., Santos, R. A. S., & Pereira, G. S. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.10.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Thy1‐hAPPLond/Swe+ mouse model of Alzheimer's disease displays broad behavioral deficits in sensorimotor, cognitive and social function
Faizi, M., Bader, P. L., Saw, N. L., Nguyen, T. V., Beraki, S., Wyss‐Coray, T., Longo, F. M., & Shamloo, M. (2012) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.41 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“A triad was defined as a set of consecutive arm entries (Drew et al. 1973; Hughes 2004).”
Long non-coding RNA Neat1 regulates adaptive behavioural response to stress in mice
Kukharsky, M. S., Ninkina, N. N., An, H., Telezhkin, V., Wei, W., de Meritens, C. R., Cooper‐Knock, J., Nakagawa, S., Hirose, T., Buchman, V. L., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0854-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Spontaneous alternations were assessed in the two-trial test (Dellu et al., 2000; Hughes, 2004).”
Method
Adenomatous polyposis coli protein deletion leads to cognitive and autism-like disabilities
Mohn, J. L., Alexander, J., Pirone, A., Palka, C., Lee, S.-Y., Mebane, L. M., Haydon, P. G., & Jacob, M. H. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.61 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effects of lactational exposure to benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) on postnatal neurodevelopment, neuronal receptor gene expression and behaviour in mice
Bouayed, J., Desor, F., Rammal, H., Kiemer, A. K., Tybl, E., Schroeder, H., Rychen, G., & Soulimani, R. (2009) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.02.010 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Modulation of behavior and NMDA-R1 gene mRNA expression in adult female mice after sub-acute administration of benzo(a)pyrene
Grova, N., Valley, A., Turner, J. D., Morel, A., Muller, C. P., & Schroeder, H. (2007) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.01.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Differential behavioral effects of partial bilateral lesions of ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra pars compacta in rats
Pioli, E. Y., Meissner, W. G., Sohr, R., Gross, C. E., Bézard, E., & Bioulac, B. H. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.084 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Behavioral Methods to Study Learning and Memory in Rats
Quillfeldt, J. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11578-8_17 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation prevents behavioral and molecular changes induced by repeated phencyclidine treatment
Thomsen, M. S., Christensen, D. Z., Hansen, H. H., Redrobe, J. P., & Mikkelsen, J. D. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.02.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Molecular basis of pharmacotherapies for cognition in Down syndrome
Gardiner, K. (2009) · TIPS - Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.10.010 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Distinct roles of neuronal and microglial CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the mouse hippocampus
Li, Y., & Kim, J. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.053 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Assessing Healthspan and Lifespan Measures in Aging Mice: Optimization of Testing Protocols, Replicability, and Rater Reliability
Rizzo, S. J. S., Anderson, L. C., Green, T. L., McGarr, T. C., Wells, G., & Winter, S. S. (2018) · Current Protocols in Mouse Biology · doi:10.1002/cpmo.45 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“When placed within a maze with multiple arms, mice exhibit the spontaneous behavior of alternating between arm choices with a greater frequency than re-entering the same arm most recently visited (Hughes, 2004).”
Background
Activation of liver X receptor reduces global ischemic brain injury by reduction of nuclear factor-κB
Cheng, O., Ostrowski, R. P., Liu, W., & Zhang, J. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.024 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript Neurobehavioral testing Prior to euthanization on day 3 and 7 rats were tested for spontaneous alternation behavior on T-maze (Gerlai, 2001;Hughes, 2004) as previously described (Matchett et al., 2007).”
Method
Short-term total sleep deprivation in the rat increases antioxidant responses in multiple brain regions without impairing spontaneous alternation behavior
Ramanathan, L., Hu, S., Frautschy, S. A., & Siegel, J. M. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.014 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The Y maze is a useful index of responsiveness to novelty, reflected by increased locomotor and exploratory behavior, as well as SAB, which is a measure of working memory [13].”
Background
Effects of progesterone administration and APPswe+PSEN1Δe9 mutation for cognitive performance of mid-aged mice
Frye, C. A., & Walf, A. A. (2007) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2007.09.008 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Protective role of Apelin-13 on amyloid β25–35-induced memory deficit; Involvement of autophagy and apoptosis process
Aminyavari, S., Zahmatkesh, M., Farahmandfar, M., Khodagholi, F., Dargahi, L., & Zarrindast, M. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hot-hand bias in rhesus monkeys.
Blanchard, T. C., Wilke, A., & Hayden, B. Y. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000033 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Although this has primarily been observed in rodents (Dember & Richman, 1989; Hughes, 2004), a tendency to alternate has also been found in monkeys (Lau & Glimcher, 2005).”
Background
The Central Amygdala Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Neurons Modulation of Anxiety-like Behavior and Hippocampus-dependent Memory in Mice
Paretkar, T., & Dimitrov, E. L. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.019 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Studies show that stress affects the spontaneous alternations on the Y-maze (Hughes 2004).”
Background
Developmental cannabidiol exposure increases anxiety and modifies genome-wide brain DNA methylation in adult female mice
Flack, N., Colwell, M., Drown, C., & Faulk, C. D. (2021) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-020-00993-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Y‐maze spontaneous alternation The Y-maze spontaneous alternation task is a measure of spatial working memory and exploits rodents’ natural tendency to explore novel areas [69, 70].”
Background
Time course of the effects of lipopolysaccharide on prepulse inhibition and brain nitrite content in mice
Custódio, C. S., Mello, B. S. F., Cordeiro, R. C., de Araújo, F. Y. R., Chaves, J. H., Vasconcelos, S. M. M., Júnior, H. V. N., de Sousa, F. C. F., Vale, M. L., Carvalho, A. F., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.040 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, protects against l -methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia by abrogation of oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and neurotoxicity in Wistar rats
Boyina, H. K., Kumar, B., & Diwan, P. V. (2016) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2016.1231695 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
APP transgenic mice: their use and limitations
Balducci, C., & Forloni, G. (2011) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-010-8141-7 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…training and the use of reinforcers or stressful elements Its simplicity means it is unable to detect modest cognitive deficits aLalonde (2002) Hughes (2004) bRustay et al. (2010) Wilcock et al. (2004) Summary descriptions of the most commonly used behavioural tests to evaluate cognitive…”
Effects of Ethanol Exposure During Early Pregnancy in Hyperactive, Inattentive and Impulsive Behaviors and MeCP2 Expression in Rodent Offspring
Kim, P., Park, J., Choi, C. S., Choi, I., Joo, S. H., Kim, M. K., Kim, S. Y., Kim, K. C., Park, S. H., Kwon, K. J., et al. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0960-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in Y-maze test reflects not only spatial memory but also attention [34].”
Background
Maternal Type-I interferon signaling adversely affects the microglia and the behavior of the offspring accompanied by increased sensitivity to stress
Ben-Yehuda, H., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Kertser, A., Spinrad, A., Prinz, M., Amit, I., & Schwartz, M. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0604-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Test, rinse, repeat: A review of carryover effects in rodent behavioral assays
Cnops, V., Iyer, V. R., Parathy, N., Wong, P., & Dawe, G. S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104560 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“When TST was carried out twice consecutively with a 24-hour or 48-hour interval, there was a significant increase in the immobility in mice (Carlson et al., 2017; Iascone et al., 2013; Lad et al., 2007; Liu V. Cnops et al. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 135 (2022) 104560 et al., 2003).”
Background
Autistic-like behavioural and neurochemical changes in a mouse model of food allergy
de Theije, C. G. M., Wu, J., Koelink, P. J., Korte-Bouws, G. A. H., Borre, Y. E., Kas, M. J., da Silva, S. L., Korte, S. M., Olivier, B., Garssen, J., et al. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Progesterone to ovariectomized mice enhances cognitive performance in the spontaneous alternation, object recognition, but not placement, water maze, and contextual and cued conditioned fear tasks
Frye, C. A., & Walf, A. A. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.03.005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition provides lasting protection against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury*
Fathali, N., Ostrowski, R. P., Lekic, T., Jadhav, V. R., Tong, W., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181cb1158 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cerebral mGluR5 availability contributes to elevated sleep need and behavioral adjustment after sleep deprivation
Holst, S. C., Sousek, A., Hefti, K., Saberi-Moghadam, S., Buck, A., Ametamey, S. M., Scheidegger, M., Franken, P., Henning, A., Seifritz, E., et al. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.28751 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Vitamin D2-Enriched Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Improves Memory in Both Wild Type and APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice
Bennett, L. E., Kersaitis, C., Macaulay, S., Münch, G. W., Niedermayer, G., Nigro, J., Payne, M. S., Sheean, P., Vallotton, P., Zabaras, D., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076362 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Behaviour Testing by Y-maze A standard Y-maze was utilised in order to assess short-term spatial memory [100,101].”
Method
Contrasting characteristic behaviours among common laboratory mouse strains
Sultana, R., Ogundele, O. M., & Lee, C. C. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190574 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Reduced expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter causes learning deficits in mice
de Castro, B. M., Pereira, G. S., Magalhães, V., Rossato, J. I., Jaeger, X. D., Martins-Silva, C., Leles, B., Lima, P., Gomez, M. V., Gainetdinov, R. R., et al. (2008) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00439.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Y maze Immediate working memory performance was assessed by recording spontaneous alternation behavior during a single session in a Y maze (Hughes 2004; Pych et al. 2006).”
Method
Splenic Immune Cells in Experimental Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia
Fathali, N., Ostrowski, R. P., Hasegawa, Y., Lekic, T., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2012) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-012-0239-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Rats were placed in the stem of the T-maze and allowed to explore until an arm of the maze was chosen, as an assessment of short-term or working memory [14].”

Authors: Hughes, R. N.
Affiliations: University of Canterbury (NZ)
Corresponding author: Hughes, Robert N.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 28
Issue: 5
Pages: 497-505
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.006
OpenAlex: W2143302321
Cited by: 641
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 0.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
Keywords: spatial memory, memory retention, T-maze, Y-maze, responsiveness to change, drug effects on memory, attentional processes, motivation
MeSH terms: Acetylcholine, Animals, Attention, Behavior, Animal, Brain Chemistry, Humans, Light, Memory, Reinforcement, Psychology, Smell, Space Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The value of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) as a test of retention in pharmacological investigations of memory

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks