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The value of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) as a test of retention in pharmacological investigations of memory

Hughes, Robert N.·2004·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.006

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Abstract

Because of its reliance on memory, the tendency for rats, mice and other animals to alternate successive choices of T- or Y-maze arms has assumed considerable popularity in pharmacological studies of spatial memory as a quick and simple measure of retention that avoids the need for extensive training and the use of conventional reinforcers. Two forms of this tendency have been utilized, namely two-trial and continuous spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB). However, as the behavior can also reflect drug-related changes in sensory/attentional, motivational and performance processes, SAB should not be unquestionably accepted as a measure of memory alone. While assessments of post-acquisition drug effects on longer term memory may be possible through the appropriate timing of drug administration, this is more problematic if SAB is used as a measure of shorter term memory. Even though SAB can be a useful index of responsiveness to novelty, its value as a measure of retention is less certain. In this latter respect, a possible alternative to SAB testing might be the recently developed form of the related procedure, responsiveness to change.

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Chronic Adolescent Exposure to Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in COMT Mutant Mice: Impact on Psychosis-Related and Other Phenotypes
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“In order to achieve this, the animals need to recall which arm they visited last (for review see: [39–41]).”
Background
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“We then examined the effect of vHPC PV neuron inhibition on spatial working memory by conducting the T-maze continuous spontaneous alternation task (Gerlai, 1998; Dudchenko, 2004; Hughes, 2004).”
Method
Pre- and postnatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide causes behavioral and cognitive impairments in adult mice: evidence of cortical ad hippocampal dysfunction
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“Y‑maze Y-maze was used to assess working memory performances (Hughes 2004).”
Method
Interleukin-1 receptor on hippocampal neurons drives social withdrawal and cognitive deficits after chronic social stress
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“Short-term memory was measured in a Y-maze as described previously [20].”
Targeting JNK for therapeutic depletion of stem-like glioblastoma cells
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“Alternation of arm entries is driven by an instinct of a mouse to visit a novel place and requires the mouse to remember which arms it entered in its immediately previous exploration (for review, see [54]).”
Background
Phenotypic characterization of cognition and social behavior in mice with heterozygous versus homozygous deletion of catechol-O-methyltransferase
Babovic, D., O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., O'Connor, A. M., O'Sullivan, G. J., Tighe, O., Croke, D. T., Karayiorgou, M., Gogos, J. A., Cotter, D., & Waddington, J. L. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.006 · Cited by 90
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“Spontaneous alternation and win-shift tests in T and Y mazes Tand Y mazes are almost exclusively used to measure working memory in rats and mice (Hughes 2004).”
Method
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“A triad was defined as a set of consecutive arm entries (Drew et al. 1973; Hughes 2004).”
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“Spontaneous alternations were assessed in the two-trial test (Dellu et al., 2000; Hughes, 2004).”
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Modulation of behavior and NMDA-R1 gene mRNA expression in adult female mice after sub-acute administration of benzo(a)pyrene
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“When placed within a maze with multiple arms, mice exhibit the spontaneous behavior of alternating between arm choices with a greater frequency than re-entering the same arm most recently visited (Hughes, 2004).”
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“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript Neurobehavioral testing Prior to euthanization on day 3 and 7 rats were tested for spontaneous alternation behavior on T-maze (Gerlai, 2001;Hughes, 2004) as previously described (Matchett et al., 2007).”
Method
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“The Y maze is a useful index of responsiveness to novelty, reflected by increased locomotor and exploratory behavior, as well as SAB, which is a measure of working memory [13].”
Background
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Hot-hand bias in rhesus monkeys.
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“Although this has primarily been observed in rodents (Dember & Richman, 1989; Hughes, 2004), a tendency to alternate has also been found in monkeys (Lau & Glimcher, 2005).”
Background
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“Studies show that stress affects the spontaneous alternations on the Y-maze (Hughes 2004).”
Background
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“Y‐maze spontaneous alternation The Y-maze spontaneous alternation task is a measure of spatial working memory and exploits rodents’ natural tendency to explore novel areas [69, 70].”
Background
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Custódio, C. S., Mello, B. S. F., Cordeiro, R. C., de Araújo, F. Y. R., Chaves, J. H., Vasconcelos, S. M. M., Júnior, H. V. N., de Sousa, F. C. F., Vale, M. L., Carvalho, A. F., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.040 · Cited by 74
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“…training and the use of reinforcers or stressful elements Its simplicity means it is unable to detect modest cognitive deficits aLalonde (2002) Hughes (2004) bRustay et al. (2010) Wilcock et al. (2004) Summary descriptions of the most commonly used behavioural tests to evaluate cognitive…”
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Kim, P., Park, J., Choi, C. S., Choi, I., Joo, S. H., Kim, M. K., Kim, S. Y., Kim, K. C., Park, S. H., Kwon, K. J., et al. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0960-5 · Cited by 71
“Spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in Y-maze test reflects not only spatial memory but also attention [34].”
Background
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“When TST was carried out twice consecutively with a 24-hour or 48-hour interval, there was a significant increase in the immobility in mice (Carlson et al., 2017; Iascone et al., 2013; Lad et al., 2007; Liu V. Cnops et al. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 135 (2022) 104560 et al., 2003).”
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Autistic-like behavioural and neurochemical changes in a mouse model of food allergy
de Theije, C. G. M., Wu, J., Koelink, P. J., Korte-Bouws, G. A. H., Borre, Y. E., Kas, M. J., da Silva, S. L., Korte, S. M., Olivier, B., Garssen, J., et al. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.008 · Cited by 71
Progesterone to ovariectomized mice enhances cognitive performance in the spontaneous alternation, object recognition, but not placement, water maze, and contextual and cued conditioned fear tasks
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Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition provides lasting protection against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury*
Fathali, N., Ostrowski, R. P., Lekic, T., Jadhav, V. R., Tong, W., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181cb1158 · Cited by 66
Cerebral mGluR5 availability contributes to elevated sleep need and behavioral adjustment after sleep deprivation
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Vitamin D2-Enriched Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Improves Memory in Both Wild Type and APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice
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“Behaviour Testing by Y-maze A standard Y-maze was utilised in order to assess short-term spatial memory [100,101].”
Method
Contrasting characteristic behaviours among common laboratory mouse strains
Sultana, R., Ogundele, O. M., & Lee, C. C. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190574 · Cited by 62
Reduced expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter causes learning deficits in mice
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“Y maze Immediate working memory performance was assessed by recording spontaneous alternation behavior during a single session in a Y maze (Hughes 2004; Pych et al. 2006).”
Method
Splenic Immune Cells in Experimental Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia
Fathali, N., Ostrowski, R. P., Hasegawa, Y., Lekic, T., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2012) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-012-0239-9 · Cited by 63
“Rats were placed in the stem of the T-maze and allowed to explore until an arm of the maze was chosen, as an assessment of short-term or working memory [14].”

Authors: Hughes, R. N.
Affiliations: University of Canterbury (NZ)
Corresponding author: Hughes, Robert N.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 28
Issue: 5
Pages: 497-505
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.006
OpenAlex: W2143302321
Cited by: 641
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 0.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
Keywords: spatial memory, memory retention, T-maze, Y-maze, responsiveness to change, drug effects on memory, attentional processes, motivation
MeSH terms: Acetylcholine, Animals, Attention, Behavior, Animal, Brain Chemistry, Humans, Light, Memory, Reinforcement, Psychology, Smell, Space Perception

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The value of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) as a test of retention in pharmacological investigations of memory

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