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Neurobehavioral evidence for changes in dopamine system activity during adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Human adolescence has been characterized by increases in risk-taking, emotional lability, and deficient patterns of behavioral regulation. These behaviors have often been attributed to changes in brain structure that occur during this developmental period, notably alterations in gray and white matter that impact synaptic architecture in frontal, limbic, and striatal regions. In this review, we provide a rationale for considering that these behaviors may be due to changes in dopamine system activity, particularly overactivity, during adolescence relative to either childhood or adulthood. This rationale relies on animal data due to limitations in assessing neurochemical activity more directly in juveniles. Accordingly, we also present a strategy that incorporates molecular genetic techniques to infer the status of the underlying tone of the dopamine system across developmental groups. Implications for the understanding of adolescent behavioral development are discussed.
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“Childhood and adolescence are sensitive periods in which these systems develop and change [26–29], making them particularly vulnerable to insult.”
From Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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“These neurobiological changes underlie the profound maturation in motivational and cognitive domains across adolescence [30–34]”
From Adolescent nicotine exposure and persistent neurocircuitry changes: unveiling lifelong psychiatric risks (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
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“recent studies have indicated changes in dopaminergic innervation to have more influence on circuitry development during adolescence”
From Developmental Changes in Organization of Structural Brain Networks (2013) · cites this paper as Wahlstrom et al. 2010
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An, I., Choi, T. K., Bang, M., & Lee, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.734488 · Cited by 11
Bell, M. R., Meerts, S. H., & Sisk, C. L. (2013) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22106 · Cited by 11
“Sexual reward is often associated with dopaminergic action within the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit, a hormone-sensitive circuit that is remodeled during puberty and adolescence (Meisel et al., 1996; Becker et al., 2001; Doremus-Fitzwater et al., 2010; Wahlstrom et al., 2010; Aubele and Kritzer, 2012).”
BackgroundAdolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development
Scott, S. K., & Saginak, K. A. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781394258925.ch11 · Cited by 11
Adolescent dopamine development
Reynolds, L. M., & Flores, C. (2021) · Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817988-8.00026-9 · Cited by 10
Cadoni, C., De Felice, M., Corongiu, S., Dessì, C., Espa, E., Melis, M., & Fenu, S. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12803 · Cited by 10
Gerecsei, L. I., Csillag, A., Zachár, G., Gévai, L., Simon, L., Dobolyi, Á., & Ádám, Á. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00027 · Cited by 11
“Based on existing data, the drug was present in the pregnant female mouse at a time of the differentiation of dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase expressing) neurons but prior to the appearance of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors (Wahlstrom et al., 2010).”
MethodHeterosis in COMT Val158Met Polymorphism Contributes to Sex-Differences in Children’s Math Anxiety
Júlio-Costa, A., Martins, A. A. S., Wood, G. M. D. O., Almeida, M. P., de Miranda, M., Haase, V. G., & Carvalho, M. R. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01013 · Cited by 15
Evolutionary innovations in the primate dopaminergic system
Doll, H. M., Risgaard, R. D., Thurston, H., Chen, R. J., & Sousa, A. M. M. (2024) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2024.102236 · Cited by 10
Lespine, L., Plenevaux, A., & Tirelli, E. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.049 · Cited by 9
“These results suggest that early-life periods may be particularly sensitive to the (long-term) benefits of exercise, presumably because of, at least in part, structural and functional brain plasticity in regions involved in motivation and reward that continue to mature during adolescence [10,11].”
Examining impulsivity and risky decision making among school youth in balloon analogue risk task
Gong, Y., Jin, Y., Yun-long, D., Bao, C., Yi, Q., Liu, J., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-21-594 · Cited by 13
Andreou, D., Jørgensen, K. N., Nerland, S., Calkova, T., Mørch-Johnsen, L. E., Smelror, R. E., Wortinger, L. A., Lundberg, M., Bohman, H., Myhre, A. M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73322-x · Cited by 7
Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Simpson, K. A., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.013 · Cited by 10
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Positive Affect: Insights from Adolescent Twins
Gooding, D. C., Moore, M. N., Pflum, M. J., Schmidt, N. L., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2021) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00041-1 · Cited by 9
“, 2008), as well as for the development of approach behaviors and responsiveness to reward (Davey et al., 2008; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Urosevic et al., 2012; Wahlstrom et al., 2010; Walker et al., 2017).”
BackgroundShen, A. N., Pope, D. A., Hutsell, B. A., & Newland, M. C. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.06.005 · Cited by 7
“…study, in which trial initiations were separated from the choice response, adolescents and adults performed equally as well on both the original discrimination and reversal, but adolescents initiated fewer trials, which is indicative of greater distractibility (Spear, 2000; Wahlstrom et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultAdolescence and Early Adulthood
Kim‐Spoon, J., & Farley, J. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7424-2_4 · Cited by 8
Namba, H., & Nawa, H. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.003 · Cited by 7
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for the Development of Incentive-Reward Motivation?
Luciana, M., & Collins, P. F. (2021) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_275 · Cited by 7
Self-citationFlannery, J. S., Parr, A. C., Lindquist, K. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101594 · Cited by 7
“Development of DAergic neurocircuitry is thought to underlie critical cognitive, motivational, and behavioral processes in adolescence (Wahlstrom et al., 2010a, 2010b; Luciana et al., 2012; Cools, 2008), but has been difficult to examine in pediatric samples (Parr et al., 2021).”
Normal Brain Development and Child/Adolescent Policy
Johnson, S. B., & Giedd, J. N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_148 · Cited by 6
Gene-Environment Interplay in Parenting Young Children
Henry, J., Boivin, M., & Tarabulsy, G. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2923-8_2 · Cited by 6
Moraes, M. A., Arabe, L. B., Resende, B. L., Codo, B. C., Reis, A. L. D. A. L., & Souza, B. R. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114805 · Cited by 7
Ladouceur, C. D. (2026) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022321 · Cited by 6
Rinne, N., Wikman, P. A., Sahari, E., Salmi, J., Einarsdóttir, E., Kere, J., & Alho, K. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae144 · Cited by 8
Age-dependent effects of H2S on post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescent and adult mice
Gu, B., Li, T., Zhao, H., Yue, R., Luo, Q., Yu, S., Li, T., Zhao, Y., Liu, D., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1546737 · Cited by 5
Larson, T. A., O’Neill, C. E., Palumbo, M. P., & Bachtell, R. K. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118812098 · Cited by 5
Substance and Behavioral Addictions Assessment Instruments
Grigsby, T. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.012 · Cited by 6
Validation of the aberrant salience inventory in a general and clinical Spanish population
Testal, J. F. R., Fuentes-Márquez, S., Senín‐Calderón, C., Fernández-León, S., Ceballos-Munuera, C., Garcelán, S. P., & Fonseca‐Pedrero, E. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152343 · Cited by 5
Leisman, G., Alfasi, R., Meiron, O., & D'Angiulli, A. (2026) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.70020 · Cited by 4
“…early adulthood can be attributed to a combination of neurobiological factors, including reductions in neural plasticity, decreased dopamine receptor density, and age-related changes in brain connectivity that affect motor control and coordination (Wahlstrom et al. 2010; Li, Wang, et al. 2023).”
Iacino, M. C., Stowe, T. A., Pitts, E. G., Sexton, L. L., Macauley, S. L., & Ferris, M. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.62999 · Cited by 5
“The dopamine system undergoes reorganization during adolescence (see Wahlstrom et al., 2010a,b; Padmanabhan and Luna, 2014) and these changes are implicated in behavioral changes as well as increased vulnerability to the development of various psychiatric disorders (Spear, 2000, 2013; Nelson et…”
InfluentialHalonen, R., Kuula, L., Lahti, J. M. T., Räikkönen, K., & Pesonen, A. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107353 · Cited by 4
Prevention and Treatment of Sex Addiction
Reid, R. C., Grubbs, J. B., & Kraus, S. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.025 · Cited by 4
Developmental Trends in Adaptive and Maladaptive Risk Taking in Youth
Khurana, A., & Römer, D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00029-3 · Cited by 4
“The rise in sensation seeking during adolescence has been linked to a rise in dopamine expression (Wahlstrom et al., 2010), which is positively linked to improvements in working memory and other indicators of cognitive control and learning (Cools and Robbins, 2004; Cools, 2008; Murty et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGaming Disorder and Its Treatment
Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Pontes, H. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.029 · Cited by 6
Anwar, S., Verma, P., & Dutt, R. (2022) · Current Traditional Medicine · doi:10.2174/2215083808666220321145436 · Cited by 4
Treatment of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) Misuse
Sussman, S. Y., & Bolshakova, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.022 · Cited by 3
The Role of Culture in Addiction
Hoffman, B. R., & Unger, J. B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.018 · Cited by 3
Baldi, B. F., Hoyer, C., & Novère, N. G. L. (2010) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm153 · Cited by 3
“The hyperactive state of the dopamine system in a patient with schizophrenia resembles the dopamine hyperactivity in the brain of an adolescent [26], and it might show how a regulatory feature that might be beneficial during a certain life stage (at least on a population based scale) could result in a psychiatric dise…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wahlstrom, D., White, T., & Luciana, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luciana, Monica
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 631-648
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2845533
- OpenAlex
- W2102081573
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 263
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 0.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH017069)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017843)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- dopaminergic system, adolescence, neurobehavioral development, risk-taking, emotional lability, behavioral regulation, synaptic structure, striatum, frontal cortex, limbic system, white matter, gray matter, animal models, molecular genetics
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Behavior, Catechol O-Methyltransferase, Dopamine, Humans, Human Development, Models, Neurological
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