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Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction
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Learning psycho(bio)logy has developed a solid corpus of evidence and theory regarding behavior control modes. The present article briefly reviews that literature and its influence on recent models in which the transition from goal-directed to compulsive behavior is identified as the main process underlying substance use disorders. This literature is also relevant to non-substance addictive disorders, and serves as basis to propose a restricted definition of behavioral addiction relying on the presence of behavior-specific compulsivity. Complementarily, we consider whether some activities can become disordered while remaining mostly goal-driven. Based on reinforcement learning models, relative outcome utility computation is proposed as an alternative mechanism through which dysfunctional behaviors (even not qualifying as addictive) can override adaptive ones, causing functional impairment. Beyond issues of conceptual delimitation, recommendations are made regarding the importance of identifying individual etiological pathways to dysregulated behavior, the necessity of accurately profiling at-risk individuals, and the potential hazards of symptom-based diagnosis. In our view, the validity of these recommendations does not depend on the position one takes in the nosological debate.
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“In the context of addiction, the goal is based upon the hedonic representation of the reward in the brain (Perales et al., 2020).This involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Perales et al., 2020) and is at the basis of wanting, with no inverted commas.”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
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“Some parts of the control of behavior become more automatic with repeated experience.Such a shift, based upon increasing incentive salience, represents a criterion for the definition of addiction (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
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“Only the latter might constitute 'addicted', the former simply being described as having a passion (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
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“The word 'compulsion' captures a feature of the mental life of sexually-addicted people, i.e. a feeling compelled to act, often against their better judgement (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
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“The literature describes two types of impulsivity: domain-general, which is evident regardless of the task, and domain-specific, where the level of impulsivity depends upon the context (Perales et al., 2020;Mahoney and Lawyer, 2018).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
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“The evidence for a shift of weight of control from goal-based to stimulus-based, as a criterion of addiction (Perales et al., 2020) was presented as a weakening of liking relative to wanting.”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
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“Although there are two modes of control, they are strongly interactive.Any given piece of behavior could be understood as being somewhere on a continuum in the weight of control between the two (Perales et al., 2020).”
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“Indeed, this would be disqualified by its not meeting the criterion of a shift towards stimulus-based control (Perales et al., 2020).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Perales, J. C., King, D. L., Navas, J. F., Schimmenti, A., Sescousse, G., Starcevic, V., van Holst, R. J., & Billieux, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (ES)
- Università degli Studi di Enna Kore (IT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Corresponding author
- Navas, Juan F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 108
- Pages
- 771-780
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2995007569
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación; Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos I+D de Excelencia, Spain
- Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Union
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- behavioral addiction, goal-directed behavior, compulsive behavior, behavioral control, substance use disorders, reinforcement learning models, functional disability, symptom-based diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Psychological, Reinforcement, Psychology, Behavior, Addictive, Executive Function
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