Facing loneliness and anxiety during the COVID-19 isolation: the role of excessive social media use in a sample of Italian adults
Open accessAbstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prompted people to face a distressing and unexpected situation. Uncertainty and social distancing changed people's behaviors, impacting on their feelings, daily habits, and social relationships, which are core elements in human well-being. In particular, restrictions due to the quarantine increased feelings of loneliness and anxiety. Within this context, the use of digital technologies has been recommended to relieve stress and anxiety and to decrease loneliness, even though the overall effects of social media consumption during pandemics still need to be carefully addressed. In this regard, social media use evidence risk and opportunities. In fact, according to a compensatory model of Internet-related activities, the online environment may be used to alleviate negative feelings caused by distressing life circumstances, despite potentially leading to negative outcomes. The present study examined whether individuals who were experiencing high levels of loneliness during the forced isolation for COVID-19 pandemic were more prone to feel anxious, and whether their sense of loneliness prompted excessive social media use. Moreover, the potentially mediating effect of excessive social media use in the relationship between perceived loneliness and anxiety was tested. A sample of 715 adults (71.5% women) aged between 18 and 72 years old took part in an online survey during the period of lockdown in Italy. The survey included self-report measures to assess perceived sense of loneliness, excessive use of social media, and anxiety. Participants reported that they spent more hours/day on social media during the pandemic than before the pandemic. We found evidence that perceived feelings of loneliness predicted both excessive social media use and anxiety, with excessive social media use also increasing anxiety levels. These findings suggest that isolation probably reinforced the individuals' sense of loneliness, strengthening the need to be part of virtual communities. However, the facilitated and prolonged access to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic risked to further increase anxiety, generating a vicious cycle that in some cases may require clinical attention.
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Using social media for more than 5 h daily can lead to addiction and depression.
“Using social media for more than 5 h daily can lead to addiction and depression (12).”
From Investigating social media addiction and impact of social media addiction, loneliness, depression, life satisfaction and problem-solving skills on academic self-efficacy and academic success among university students (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction and Discussion link excessive social media use to negative moods and possible addictive-like symptoms. But the Results report a category of more than 4 hours per day, not a 5-hour risk threshold; the study measured anxiety rather than depression. The Discussion also cautions against equating excessive use with addiction, and its limitations say the cross-sectional design cannot establish causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUsing the internet for more than 5 h was significantly associated with internet addiction and depression.
“Using the internet for more than 5 h was significantly associated with internet addiction and depression (12).”
From Investigating social media addiction and impact of social media addiction, loneliness, depression, life satisfaction and problem-solving skills on academic self-efficacy and academic success among university students (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Results (Descriptive Statistics; page unavailable) report social-media use in a category of more than 4 hours per day, but do not test a more-than-5-hour internet-use threshold. The study examines excessive social-media use, loneliness, and anxiety; the passages found do not report a significant association of that threshold with internet addiction or depression. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Salzmann‐Erikson, M., & Eriksson, H. (2023) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323231173794 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gezgin, D. M., & EFEOĞLU, E. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2526587 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rahman, M. A., Ford, D., Sousa, G., Hedley, L., Greenstock, L. N., Cross, W. M., & Brumby, S. A. (2021) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12638 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Valeriani, F., Protano, C., Giorgi, A. D., Mazzeo, E., Liguori, G., Spica, V. R., Vitali, M., & Gallé, F. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.06.040 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Doraiswamy, S., Cheema, S., Mulla, A. M. A., & Mamtani, R. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.52535.2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Li, H., & Yang, J. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02419-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Perceived Stress of Cypriot College Students During COVID-19
Panteli, M., Vaıoulı, P., Leonidou, C., & Panayiotou, G. (2021) · European Journal of Psychology Open · doi:10.1024/2673-8627/a000005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Loneliness and depression symptoms: The moderating role of narcissism
Brailovskaia, J., Bierhoff, H., & Rohmann, E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100264 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- University of Parma (IT)
- Università degli Studi di Enna Kore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Boursier, Valentina
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-12-08
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 586222-586222
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7752864
- OpenAlex
- W3111058100
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 19.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, loneliness, anxiety, excessive social media use, social distancing, online communities, mental health during pandemic, Italian adults
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