Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction
Open accessAbstract
Learning psycho(bio)logy has developed a solid corpus of evidence and theory regarding behavior control modes. The present article briefly reviews that literature and its influence on recent models in which the transition from goal-directed to compulsive behavior is identified as the main process underlying substance use disorders. This literature is also relevant to non-substance addictive disorders, and serves as basis to propose a restricted definition of behavioral addiction relying on the presence of behavior-specific compulsivity. Complementarily, we consider whether some activities can become disordered while remaining mostly goal-driven. Based on reinforcement learning models, relative outcome utility computation is proposed as an alternative mechanism through which dysfunctional behaviors (even not qualifying as addictive) can override adaptive ones, causing functional impairment. Beyond issues of conceptual delimitation, recommendations are made regarding the importance of identifying individual etiological pathways to dysregulated behavior, the necessity of accurately profiling at-risk individuals, and the potential hazards of symptom-based diagnosis. In our view, the validity of these recommendations does not depend on the position one takes in the nosological debate.
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Goal-based control of behavior involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and is at the basis of conscious wanting.
“In the context of addiction, the goal is based upon the hedonic representation of the reward in the brain (Perales et al., 2020).This involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Perales et al., 2020) and is at the basis of wanting, with no inverted commas.”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
The body passage labeled “17” (page unavailable) says that a subregion of the vmPFC/orbitofrontal cortex represents rewards’ subjective values, allowing a decision-maker to weigh which reward to pursue. This supports the involvement of that region in goal-based choice, but the passage does not establish that it is the basis of conscious wanting; the paper discusses ‘wanting’ separately in connection with incentive sensitization. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome parts of the control of behavior become more automatic with repeated experience.
“Some parts of the control of behavior become more automatic with repeated experience.Such a shift, based upon increasing incentive salience, represents a criterion for the definition of addiction (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
The paper’s discussion of habit-driven behavior (page not available in our copy) says that behavior can become stimulus-triggered after extensive training, supporting the quoted point about increasing automaticity with experience. Its discussion of addiction distinguishes habit formation from incentive sensitization, however; it does not make increasing incentive salience itself a criterion for defining addiction. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly problematic sexuality might constitute 'addicted', the former simply being described as having a passion.
“Only the latter might constitute 'addicted', the former simply being described as having a passion (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
In the paper’s discussion of functional impairment (page not available), high engagement without impairment is distinguished from problematic behavior, and the term “passion” is offered for non-pathological engagement. This supports the proposed distinction in general, but the passage does not make it specifically about sexuality; the paper also reserves “addiction” for problematic patterns with evidence of compulsivity. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe word 'compulsion' captures a feature of the mental life of sexually-addicted people, i.e. a feeling compelled to act, often against their better judgement.
“The word 'compulsion' captures a feature of the mental life of sexually-addicted people, i.e. a feeling compelled to act, often against their better judgement (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
In section 7 (page not supplied), the paper describes compulsivity as an experience of being ‘forced’ or ‘compelled’ to act despite expected negative consequences. It supports the meaning of compulsion in the claim, but the passage discusses addiction generally rather than establishing this experience specifically in sexually addicted people. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe literature describes two types of impulsivity: domain-general, which is evident regardless of the task, and domain-specific, where the level of impulsivity depends upon the context.
“The literature describes two types of impulsivity: domain-general, which is evident regardless of the task, and domain-specific, where the level of impulsivity depends upon the context (Perales et al., 2020;Mahoney and Lawyer, 2018).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
In the section labelled 17 (page not supplied), the paper says that weak executive control can produce various forms of impulsivity in a domain-general manner. It discusses domain-specific compulsivity, but the passages do not describe domain-specific impulsivity whose level varies by task or context, or present these as two types of impulsivity. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The evidence for a shift of weight of control from goal-based to stimulus-based, as a criterion of addiction, was presented as a weakening of liking relative to wanting.
“The evidence for a shift of weight of control from goal-based to stimulus-based, as a criterion of addiction (Perales et al., 2020) was presented as a weakening of liking relative to wanting.”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
The paper describes a hypothesized shift from goal-driven to compulsive behavior and, in its discussion of incentive sensitization, says that ‘wanting’ can override ‘liking.’ But its recap distinguishes that account from the habit-formation account: the former concerns compulsive craving, while the latter concerns a shift in drug-use behavior. It does not present weakened liking relative to wanting as evidence for a single goal-based-to-stimulus-based shift or as an addiction criterion. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe two modes of control are strongly interactive.
“Although there are two modes of control, they are strongly interactive.Any given piece of behavior could be understood as being somewhere on a continuum in the weight of control between the two (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
A situation of moral disapproval with low-intensity sexual behavior would be disqualified as addiction by its not meeting the criterion of a shift towards stimulus-based control.
“Indeed, this would be disqualified by its not meeting the criterion of a shift towards stimulus-based control (Perales et al., 2020).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Perales et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Perales, J. C., King, D. L., Navas, J. F., Schimmenti, A., Sescousse, G., Starcevic, V., van Holst, R. J., & Billieux, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (ES)
- Università degli Studi di Enna Kore (IT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Corresponding author
- Navas, Juan F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 108
- Pages
- 771-780
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2995007569
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación; Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos I+D de Excelencia, Spain
- Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Union
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- behavioral addiction, goal-directed behavior, compulsive behavior, behavioral control, substance use disorders, reinforcement learning models, functional disability, symptom-based diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Psychological, Reinforcement, Psychology, Behavior, Addictive, Executive Function
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