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Biomarkers of Pathological Dissociation: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Pathological dissociation is a severe, debilitating and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptom. This review identifies biomarkers of pathological dissociation in a transdiagnostic manner to recommend the most promising research and treatment pathways in support of the precision medicine framework. A total of 205 unique studies that met inclusion criteria were included. Studies were divided into four biomarker categories, namely neuroimaging, psychobiological, psychophysiological and genetic biomarkers. The dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral superior frontal regions, (anterior) cingulate, posterior association areas and basal ganglia are identified as neurofunctional biomarkers of pathological dissociation and decreased hippocampal, basal ganglia and thalamic volumes as neurostructural biomarkers. Increased oxytocin and prolactin and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are identified as psychobiological markers. Psychophysiological biomarkers, including blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance, were inconclusive. For the genetic biomarker category studies related to dissociation were limited and no clear directionality of effect was found to warrant identification of a genetic biomarker. Recommendations for future research pathways and possible clinical applicability are provided.
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“In this section, we briefly overview three neuromodulatory and neurotransmitter systems that may play a role in generating dissociative experiences (see [105–107] for reviews, and [108] for recent discussion).”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [106]
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“This review confirmed our findings, citing inconclusive results due to most studies reporting no effects.”
From Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients (2022) · cites this paper as Roydeva & Reinders, 2021
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“The authors further concluded that none of the reviewed physiological measures could be recommended as a biomarker of pathological dissociation (Roydeva & Reinders, 2021).”
From Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients (2022) · cites this paper as Roydeva & Reinders, 2021
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Genetics and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Bonsu, N., Sreeram, V., & Hasan, F. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39854-4_22
Psikotravmatoloji ve Dissosiyatif Bozukluklar
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(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22487-4.16001-0
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Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Dissociation in English Literature Based on CiteSpace
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Metadata
- Authors
- Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reinders, Antje A.T.S.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 123
- Pages
- 120-202
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3107607617
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 350
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- King's College London
- King’s College London
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- pathological dissociation, transdiagnostic psychiatry, neuroimaging biomarkers, oxytocin, prolactin, TNF-α, genetic biomarkers, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, precision medicine
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Frontal Lobe, Hippocampus, Humans, Biomarkers, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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