The DOI matches its Crossref record; 347 of the 350 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.
Biomarkers of Pathological Dissociation: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Pathological dissociation is a severe, debilitating and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptom. This review identifies biomarkers of pathological dissociation in a transdiagnostic manner to recommend the most promising research and treatment pathways in support of the precision medicine framework. A total of 205 unique studies that met inclusion criteria were included. Studies were divided into four biomarker categories, namely neuroimaging, psychobiological, psychophysiological and genetic biomarkers. The dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral superior frontal regions, (anterior) cingulate, posterior association areas and basal ganglia are identified as neurofunctional biomarkers of pathological dissociation and decreased hippocampal, basal ganglia and thalamic volumes as neurostructural biomarkers. Increased oxytocin and prolactin and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are identified as psychobiological markers. Psychophysiological biomarkers, including blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance, were inconclusive. For the genetic biomarker category studies related to dissociation were limited and no clear directionality of effect was found to warrant identification of a genetic biomarker. Recommendations for future research pathways and possible clinical applicability are provided.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In this section, we briefly overview three neuromodulatory and neurotransmitter systems that may play a role in generating dissociative experiences (see [105–107] for reviews, and [108] for recent discussion).”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [106]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This review confirmed our findings, citing inconclusive results due to most studies reporting no effects.”
From Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients (2022) · cites this paper as Roydeva & Reinders, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The authors further concluded that none of the reviewed physiological measures could be recommended as a biomarker of pathological dissociation (Roydeva & Reinders, 2021).”
From Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients (2022) · cites this paper as Roydeva & Reinders, 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Mizuno, K., Takiguchi, S., Yamazaki, M. L., Asano, M., Kato, S., Kuriyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Sadato, N., & Tomoda, A. (2015) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.08.002 · Cited by 16
RetractedPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793
Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-126 · Cited by 3,053
Reprint—Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & and the PRISMA Group (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/89.9.873 · Cited by 2,486
The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project: Precision Medicine for Psychiatry
Insel, T. R. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14020138 · Cited by 1,472
Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Basis and Practical Considerations
Vasan, R. S. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.482570 · Cited by 1,212
Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168 · Cited by 1,123
Developmental traumatology part II: brain development∗∗See accompanying Editorial, in this issue.
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., Frustaci, K., & Ryan, N. D. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00045-1 · Cited by 974
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cocker, 1994, Electrophysiological changes under hypnosis in multiple personality disorder: A two-case exploratory study, Aust. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn., 22, 165
- Farina, 2013, Does a dissociative psychopathological dimension exist? A review on dissociative processes and symptoms in developmental trauma spectrum disorders, Clin. Neuropsychiatry, 10, 11
- Jalal, 2015, Serum prolactin levels in patients of major depressive episode with dissociative symptoms: A co-relational study, Pakistan J. Med. Heal. Sci., 9, 1033
- Khanam, 2008, Serum Immunoglobulin Profiles of Conversion Disorder Patients, Repr. from Ger. J. Psychiatry, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neuroimaging in functional neurological disorder: State of the field and research agenda
Perez, D. L., Nicholson, T. R., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Bègue, I., Butler, M., Carson, A. J., David, A. S., Deeley, Q., Diez, I., Edwards, M. J., et al. (2021) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102623 · Cited by 216
Self-citationLynn, S. J., Polizzi, C. P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Chiu, C., Maxwell, R., der Kloet, D. V. H., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102424 · Cited by 109
Beutler, S., Mertens, Y. L., Ladner, L., Schellong, J., Croy, I., & Daniels, J. K. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2132599 · Cited by 64
“As recommended by Roydeva and Reinders (2021), future research should aim to increase the specificity of biomarkers to PTSD-related dissociation, for instance by testing the robustness of these psychophysiological correlates across other psychopathologies (e.g. depression or anxiety).”
BackgroundInfluentialKrause-Utz, A., Frost, R., Chatzaki, E., Winter, D., Schmahl, C. G., & Elzinga, B. M. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01246-8 · Cited by 67
Persistent Dissociation and Its Neural Correlates in Predicting Outcomes After Trauma Exposure
Lebois, L. A. M., Harnett, N. G., van Rooij, S. J. H., Ely, T. D., Jovanovic, T., Bruce, S. E., House, S. L., Ravichandran, C., Dumornay, N. M., Finegold, K. E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21090911 · Cited by 60
Metadata
- Authors
- Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reinders, Antje A.T.S.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 123
- Pages
- 120-202
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3107607617
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 350
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- King's College London
- King’s College London
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- pathological dissociation, transdiagnostic psychiatry, neuroimaging biomarkers, oxytocin, prolactin, TNF-α, genetic biomarkers, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, precision medicine
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Frontal Lobe, Hippocampus, Humans, Biomarkers, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
