Spirulina maxima extract prevents cell death through BDNF activation against amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ 1-42 ) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells
Abstract
Spirulina maxima is a blue-green micro alga that contains abundant amounts of proteins (60-70%), vitamins, chlorophyll a, and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). It has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, and prevent diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it is unclear whether Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE), chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aβ 1-42-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aβ 1-42-induced cell death. SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC suppressed the Aβ 1-42-induced increase in poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage and reduced Aβ 1-42-induced decreases in glutathione and its associated factors. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, was increased by SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC in Aβ 1-42-treated cells. SM70EE treatment decreased oxidative stress and cell death in response to Aβ 1-42 treatment, while simultaneously suppressing PARP cleavage and increasing the levels of glutathione (GSH) and its associated factors. Moreover, SM70EE lowered the levels of APP and BACE1, two major factors involved in APP processing, and increased BDNF expression during Aβ 1-42-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. We suggest that SM70EE prevents cell death caused by Aβ 1-42 -induced neurotoxicity via the activation of BDNF signaling.
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In PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a increased the level of BDNF.
“Moreover, in PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ)1-42-induced neuronal cell death and PARP cleavage, attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing anti-oxidant enzyme level, increased the level of BDNF, which has a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, and inhibited amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing [68].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
In PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a reduced Aβ1-42-induced neuronal cell death and PARP cleavage.
“Moreover, in PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ)1-42-induced neuronal cell death and PARP cleavage, attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing anti-oxidant enzyme level, increased the level of BDNF, which has a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, and inhibited amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing [68].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
In PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a inhibited amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing.
“Moreover, in PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ)1-42-induced neuronal cell death and PARP cleavage, attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing anti-oxidant enzyme level, increased the level of BDNF, which has a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, and inhibited amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing [68].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
In PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing anti-oxidant enzyme level.
“Moreover, in PC12 cells, SM70EE, C-PC and chlorophyll-a reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ)1-42-induced neuronal cell death and PARP cleavage, attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing anti-oxidant enzyme level, increased the level of BDNF, which has a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, and inhibited amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing [68].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Koh, E.-J., Kim, K.-J., Choi, J., Kang, D.-H., & Lee, B.-Y.
- Affiliations
- CHA University (KR)
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Boo-Yong
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 673
- Pages
- 33-38
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2790292611
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Keywords
- Spirulina maxima, amyloid-beta 42, neurotoxicity, BDNF signaling, neuroprotection, PC12 cells, chlorophyll a, C-phycocyanin, PARP-1 cleavage, glutathione, oxidative stress, APP, BACE1, cell death
- MeSH terms
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1, Animals, Peptide Fragments, Phycocyanin, Sesquiterpenes, Signal Transduction, Amyloid beta-Peptides, PC12 Cells, Cell Death, Oxidative Stress, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Rats, Spirulina
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