The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: findings from the Nun Study
Abstract
The relationships between early life variables, cognitive function, and neuropathology were examined in participants in the Nun Study who were between the ages of 75 and 95. Our early life variable was idea density, which is a measure of linguistic ability, derived from autobiographies written at a mean age of 22 years. Six discrete categories of cognitive function, including mild cognitive impairments, were evaluated, using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) battery of cognitive tests. Neuropathologic data included Braak staging, neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque counts, brain weight, degree of cerebral atrophy, severity of atherosclerosis, and the presence of brain infarcts. Early-life idea density was significantly related to the categories of late-life cognitive function, including mild cognitive impairments: low idea density was associated with greater impairment. Low idea density also was significantly associated with lower brain weight, higher degree of cerebral atrophy, more severe neurofibrillary pathology, and the likelihood of meeting neuropathologic criteria for Alzheimer's disease.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“several studies have revealed the existence of aged individuals harboring a high burden of brain lesions at autopsy while remaining cognitively intact, indicating resilience to AD pathology [3, 7, 21, 22, 56, 57, 68, 76, 78, 96].”
From Enhanced microglial dynamics and a paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contribute to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123
Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment
Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., Ritchie, K., Rossor, M., Thal, L., & Winblad, B. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985 · Cited by 4,781
Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., Weıntraub, S., & Segal, O. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,378
A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease
(1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.11.1356 · Cited by 4,175
Moms, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., & Clark, C. (1989) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.39.9.1159 · Cited by 4,130
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)
Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0470846410.ch42(iii · Cited by 2,859
Brain Infarction and the Clinical Expression of Alzheimer Disease<subtitle>The Nun Study</subtitle>
Snowdon, D. A. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540340047031 · Cited by 1,590
Self-citationPositive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study.
Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.804 · Cited by 1,406
Self-citationBorkowski, J. G., Benton, A. L., & Spreen, O. (1967) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(67)90015-2 · Cited by 1,324
Morris, J. C., Mohs, R. C., Rogers, H., Fillenbaum, G. G., & Heyman, A. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 1,131
Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Mohs, R. C., Beekly, D., Edland, S., Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.4.609 · Cited by 951
Snowdon, D. A. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530310034029 · Cited by 696
Self-citationKintsch, W., & Keenan, J. M. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90036-4 · Cited by 435
Looking Backward to Move Forward: Early Detection of Neurodegenerative Disorders
DeKosky, S. T., & MAREK, K. L. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1090349 · Cited by 414
Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., & Markesbery, W. R. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10161 · Cited by 406
Self-citationMild cognitive impairment: conceptual basis and current nosological status
Ritchie, K. A., & Touchon, J. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)06155-3 · Cited by 386
Mild cognitive impairment: transition between aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Petersen, R. C. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 383
Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons From the Nun Study
Snowdon, D. A. (1997) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/37.2.150 · Cited by 367
Self-citationSnowdon, D. A., Tully, C. L., Smith, C. D., Riley, K. P., & Markesbery, W. R. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.4.993 · Cited by 277
Self-citationSaunders, A. M., Hulette, C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Schmechel, D., Crain, B. J., Burke, J. R., Alberts, M. J., Strittmatter, W. J., Breitner, J., Rosenberg, C., et al. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01251-2 · Cited by 253
Ohm, T. G., Müller, H., Braak, H., & Böhl, J. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)90397-p · Cited by 222
A Follow‐Up Study of Age‐Associated Memory Impairment: Neuropsychological Predictors of Dementia
Hänninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Koivisto, K. J., Helkala, E., Reinikainen, K. J., Soininen, H. S., Mykkänen, L. M., Laakso, M., Pyörälà, K., & Riekkinen, P. J. (1995) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb05565.x · Cited by 183
Age-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment or preclinical Alzheimer's disease?
Celsis, P. (2000) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890008995904 · Cited by 173
Snowdon, D. A., Greiner, L. H., & Markesbery, W. R. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06347.x · Cited by 150
Self-citationLuis, C. A., Barker, W., Gajaraj, K., Harwood, D. G., Petersen, R., Kashuba, A., Waters, C., Jimison, P., Pearl, G. S., Petito, C. K., et al. (1999) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199907)14:7 · Cited by 140
The Performance Test of Activities of Daily Living
Kuriansky, J., & Gurland, B. J. (1976) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/x45l-tww7-wxxy-ka6k · Cited by 140
Comparison of neuropathologic criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Geddes, J. W., Tekirian, T. L., Soultanian, N. S., Ashford, J. W., Davis, D. G., & Markesbery, W. R. (1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00063-8 · Cited by 101
Self-citationBrayne, C. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.4.879 · Cited by 96
Snowdon, D. A. (2001) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 92
Self-citationMild Cognitive Impairment or Questionable Dementia?
Petersen, R. C. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.5.643 · Cited by 88
Cognitive Function and Apolipoprotein E in Very Old Adults: Findings From the Nun Study
Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., Saunders, A. M., Roses, A. D., Mortimer, J. A., & Nanayakkara, N. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.2.s69 · Cited by 63
Self-citationSimulated activities of daily living examination.
Potvin, A. R., Tourtellotte, W. W., Dailey, J. S., Alberts, J. W., Walker, J. E., Pew, R. W., Henderson, W. G., & Snyder, D. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 59
Robine, J., Forette, B., Franceschi, C., & Allard, M. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60100-2 · Cited by 44
Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study
Snowdon, D. A., Greiner, L. H., Kemper, S., Nanayakkara, N. D., & Mortimer, J. A. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60100-2_9 · Cited by 40
Self-citationTrends in Mortality in Older Women: Findings from the Nun Study
Butler, S. M., & Snowdon, D. A. (1996) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/51b.4.s201 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Snowdon, 1997, Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study, JAMA, 277, 813, 10.1001/jama.277.10.813 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Rovio, S., Kåreholt, I., Helkala, E.-L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., Nissinen, A., & Kivipelto, M. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70198-8 · Cited by 1,054
Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms
Amieva, H., Le Goff, M., Millet, X., Orgogozo, J. M., Pérès, K., Barberger‐Gateau, P., Jacqmin‐Gadda, H., & Dartigues, J. F. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21509 · Cited by 737
Gottesman, R. F., Albert, M. S., Alonso, A., Coker, L. H., Coresh, J., Davis, S. M., Deal, J. A., McKhann, G. M., Mosley, T. H., Sharrett, A. R., et al. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1658 · Cited by 633
Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A comparative review
Taler, V., & Phillips, N. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701550128 · Cited by 529
The Locus Coeruleus: Essential for Maintaining Cognitive Function and the Aging Brain
Mather, M., & Harley, C. W. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.001 · Cited by 517
Metadata
- Authors
- Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., Desrosiers, M. F., & Markesbery, W. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Riley, Kathryn P.
- ORCID
- Snowdon, David A.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 341-347
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980794267
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009862)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- idea density, late-life cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease pathology, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, Braak staging, brain atrophy, brain weight, atherosclerosis, cerebral infarction, Nun Study
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Autopsy, Brain, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Language Development, Linguistics, Longitudinal Studies, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Vocabulary, Writing, Neurofibrillary Tangles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
