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Reading normal and degraded words: Contribution of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways.
Abstract
Fast, parallel word recognition, in expert readers, relies on sectors of the left ventral occipito-temporal pathway collectively known as the visual word form area. This expertise is thought to arise from perceptual learning mechanisms that extract informative features from the input strings. The perceptual expertise hypothesis leads to two predictions: (1) parallel word recognition, based on the ventral visual system, should be limited to words displayed in a familiar format (foveal horizontal words with normally spaced letters); (2) words displayed in formats outside this field of expertise should be read serially, under supervision of dorsal parietal attention systems. We presented adult readers with words that were progressively degraded in three different ways (word rotation, letter spacing, and displacement to the visual periphery). Behaviorally, we identified degradation thresholds above which reading difficulty increased non-linearly, with the concomitant emergence of a word length effect on reading latencies reflecting serial reading strategies. fMRI activations were correlated with reading difficulty in bilateral occipito-temporal and parietal regions, reflecting the strategies required to identify degraded words. A core region of the intraparietal cortex was engaged in all modes of degradation. Furthermore, in the ventral pathway, word degradation led to an amplification of activation in the posterior visual word form area, at a level thought to encode single letters. We also found an effect of word length restricted to highly degraded words in bilateral occipitoparietal regions. Those results clarify when and how the ventral parallel visual word form system needs to be supplemented by the deployment of dorsal serial reading strategies.
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“In bilateral PPC (Cohen et al., 2008; Vinckier et al., 2006), we found increasing responses to word visibility (Supplementary Figure 4).”
From The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms (2011) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2008
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Civera, T., Perea, M., & Vergara‐Martínez, M. (2025) · Revista de Investigación en Logopedia · doi:10.5209/rlog.101401
EFL reading test-takers' characteristics and performance at an English medium university
Shawahneh, A. K. A. (2013) · Eastern Mediterranean University Institutional Repository (Eastern Mediterranean University)
Irrelevant Task Difficulty Modulates the Emergence of Task Conflict
Hershman, R., Keha, E., Beckmann, L., Henik, A., & Sapir, A. (2026) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.475
“This interpretation aligns with neuroimaging findings showing that visually degraded words engage more effortful processing, recruiting dorsal and fronto-parietal pathways, rather than the automatic ventral stream (Cohen et al., 2008).”
Age and Reading Ability Shape White Matter Development Across the Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
Hengyu, M., Liu, X., Liu, J., Cheng, Q., Cai, M., Qi, T., & Liu, L. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6154575
Earliest geometries: A cognitive investigation of Howiesons Poort engraved ostrich eggshells
Decembrini, V., Ottaviano, L., Cartolano, M., Spinapolice, E. E., & Ferrara, S. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0338509
“Interestingly, the different observed inclinations (acute vs . right angle) may imply distinct perceptual processing, as shape discrimination changes when rotation exceeds 40° [40].”
Attention visuelle et traitements pré-orthographiques dans la lecture et la dyslexie
Lobier, M. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/49ce8fbfzcaa3z49e7za534z3a2b5910d8f8
Giubergia, A., Lampis, V., Mauri, C., Montano, F., Ferrazzi, G., Castellaro, M., Bertoldo, A., & Peruzzo, D. (2026) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-026-00330-4
“In contrast, the dorsal pathway is specialised in letter-by-letter serial reading [1], in which each letter is identified sequentially before assembling them into a word.”
Mouvements oculaires chez l'enfant dyslexique
Tiadi, B. K. G.-A. (2016) · HAL · doi:10.70675/32f57b32zc59ez4cf2z818bzabfff55485c5
Traitements visuels précoces du langage écrit : études chez l'enfant et l'adulte jeune
Vahine, T. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/48c88ce6z715az4368z8181za375f580e646
Age and reading ability shape white matter development across the lifespan: A cross-sectional study
Mao, H., Liu, X., Liu, J., Cheng, Q., Cai, M., Qi, T., & Liu, L. (2026) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2026.105817
Metadata
- Authors
- Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Vinckier, F., Jobert, A., & Montavont, A.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Laurent
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-03-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 353-366
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034546135
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 17.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visual word recognition, visual word form area, dorsal visual pathway, ventral stream, perceptual expertise, intraparietal cortex, letter spacing, visual periphery, word length effect, reading latency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Occipital Lobe, Orientation, Parietal Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Reading, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, Recognition, Psychology
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