The visual word form area
Abstract
A standard model of word reading postulates that visual information is initially processed by occipitotemporal areas contralateral to the stimulated hemifield, from whence it is subsequently transferred to the visual word form (VWF) system, a left inferior temporal region specifically devoted to the processing of letter strings. For stimuli displayed in the left visual field, this transfer proceeds from the right to the left hemisphere through the posterior portion of the corpus callosum. In order to characterize the spatial and temporal organization of these processes, reading tasks with split-field presentation were performed by five control subjects and by two patients suffering from left hemialexia following posterior callosal lesions. The subjects' responses were studied using behavioural measures and functional brain imaging techniques, providing both high spatial resolution (functional MRI, fMRI) and high temporal resolution (high-density event-related potentials, ERPs). Early visual processing was revealed as activations contralateral to stimulation, located by fMRI in the inferior occipitotemporal region and presumably coincident with area V4. A negative wave occurring 150-160 ms post-stimulus, also strictly contralateral to stimulation, was recorded over posterior electrodes. In contrast with these hemifield-dependent effects, the VWF system was revealed as a strictly left-hemispheric activation which, in control subjects, was identical for stimuli presented in the left or in the right hemifield and was located in the middle portion of the left fusiform gyrus. The electrical signature of the VWF system consisted of a unilateral sharp negativity, recorded 180-200 ms post-stimulus over left inferior temporal electrodes. In callosal patients, due to the inability of visual information to pass across the posterior part of the corpus callosum, the VWF system was activated only by stimuli presented in the right visual field. Similarly, a significant influence of the word/non-word status on ERPs recorded over the left hemisphere was discernible for either hemifield in controls, while it affected only right-hemifield stimuli in callosal patients. These findings provide direct support for the main components of the classical model of reading and help specify their timing and cerebral substrates.
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Striem-Amit et al. (2012b) found VWFA was activated in the blind when they processed letter soundscapes, following a 2 h training session.
“The Visual Form Word Area (VWFA; Cohen et al., 2000; Sigurdardottir et al., 2015) was activated in the blind when they processed letter soundscapes, following a 2 h training session (see also Reich et al., 2011).”
From Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1 (2016) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
The left occipitotemporal cortex houses abstract representations of visual words.
“The strongest and most influential claim was that the left occipitotemporal cortex housed abstract representations of visual words (Cohen et al., 2000; Dehaene et al., 2001).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
Brain imaging studies reliably localize a region of visual cortex that is especially responsive to visual words.
“Brain imaging studies reliably localize a region of visual cortex that is especially responsive to visual words.”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [9]
This finding is robust enough to identify a significant peak of activation in over 90% of individual subject scans, with a standard deviation of <5 mm.
“This finding is robust enough to identify a significant peak of activation in over 90% of individual subject scans, with a standard deviation of , 5 mm [8-11] (Fig. 1).”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [9]
fMRI responses to words versus control stimuli in the VWFA are equivalent across both visual fields.
“In the VWFA, however, fMRI responses to words versus control stimuli are equivalent across both visual fields [9] (Fig. 1b).”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [9]
Perception of visual words and pseudowords reliably activates the left fusiform gyrus to a greater degree than other highly similar control stimuli.
“Perception of visual words and pseudowords reliably activates the left fusiform gyrus to a greater degree than other highly similar control stimuli.”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [9]
This response property has been associated with a left-lateralized ERP component recorded over left inferior temporal cortex, ~250 ms after a word is presented to the left or right visual field.
“This response property has been associated with a leftlateralized ERP component recorded over left inferior temporal cortex , 250 ms after a word is presented to the left or right visual field [9,21].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [9]
Callosal lesions of fibers connecting the right-hemispheric visual regions to the VWFA provoke a subtype of pure alexia restricted to words displayed in the left half of the visual field.
“Callosal lesions of fibers connecting the right-hemispheric visual regions to the VWFA provoke a subtype of PA restricted to words displayed in the left half of the visual field [9,50].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [9]
An area in the midportion of the left fusiform gyrus activates whenever literate subjects are presented with strings of letters and contributes crucially to the cerebral basis of the visual word form.
“We formulated the idea that an area in the midportion of the left fusiform gyrus, which activates whenever literate subjects are presented with strings of letters, contributes crucially to the cerebral basis of the visual word form.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
The left fusiform region appears as a likely source of electrical and magnetic fields that are recorded over the left ventral occipitotemporal region, with a latency of about 150-200 ms, whenever subjects see words.
“This region appears as a likely source of electrical and magnetic fields that are recorded over the left ventral occipitotemporal region, with a latency of about 150-200 ms, whenever subjects see words (Allison et al., 1994, 1999; Cohen et al., 2000; Nobre et al., 1994; Salmelin et al., 1996; Simos et al., 2002; Tarkiainen et al., 1999).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
This region showed the same selectivity whether the stimuli were presented foveally or peripherally, confirming a previous demonstration of location invariance in this region.
“This region showed the same selectivity whether the stimuli were presented foveally or peripherally, confirming a previous demonstration of location invariance in this region (Cohen et al., 2000).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
There is good convergence to the same approximate Talairach coordinates across studies of the VWFA.
“There is good convergence to the same approximate Talairach coordinates across those studies (Cohen et al., 2000).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
The VWFA is activated by words presented in either the left or the right hemifield, contrary to more posterior retinotopic areas.
“In one study, we isolated the VWFA using a spatial invariance criterion: contrary to more posterior retinotopic areas, the VWFA is activated by words presented in either the left or the right hemifield (Cohen et al., 2000).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
In such cases, reduced activations of the VWFA for words presented in the left hemifield were observed.
“In such cases, we observed reduced activations of the VWFA for words presented in the left hemifield (Cohen et al., 2000; Molko et al., 2002).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
The simplest account of pure alexia is that it reflects a breakdown of the visual word form system.
“The simplest account of pure alexia is that it reflects a breakdown of the visual word form system (Cohen et al., 2000; Warrington and Shallice, 1980).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
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“The Visual Form Word Area (VWFA; Cohen et al., 2000; Sigurdardottir et al., 2015) was activated in the blind when they processed letter soundscapes, following a 2 h training session (see also Reich et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSensitivity to orthographic familiarity in the occipito-temporal region.
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- Authors
- Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehéricy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hénaff, M.-A., & Michel, F.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Laurent
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 291-307
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W1866095408
- Cited by
- 1,954
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 104 · 2014: 135 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 105
- FWCI
- 49.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- visual word form area, word reading, corpus callosum, fusiform gyrus, area V4, event-related potentials, functional MRI, corpus callosotomy, reading models
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Corpus Callosum, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Occipital Lobe, Reading, Temporal Lobe, Visual Perception, Case-Control Studies
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