Prefrontal social cognition network dysfunction underlying face encoding and social anxiety in fragile X syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) commonly display characteristics of social anxiety, including gaze aversion, increased time to initiate social interaction, and difficulty forming meaningful peer relationships. While neural correlates of face processing, an important component of social interaction, are altered in FXS, studies have not examined whether social anxiety in this population is related to higher cognitive processes, such as memory. This study aimed to determine whether the neural circuitry involved in face encoding was disrupted in individuals with FXS, and whether brain activity during face encoding was related to levels of social anxiety. A group of 11 individuals with FXS (5 M) and 11 age- and gender-matched control participants underwent fMRI scanning while performing a face encoding task with online eye-tracking. Results indicate that compared to the control group, individuals with FXS exhibited decreased activation of prefrontal regions associated with complex social cognition, including the medial and superior frontal cortex, during successful face encoding. Further, the FXS and control groups showed significantly different relationships between measures of social anxiety (including gaze-fixation) and brain activity during face encoding. These data indicate that social anxiety in FXS may be related to the inability to successfully recruit higher level social cognition regions during the initial phases of memory formation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Holsen et al. reported decreased cingulate and left insula activation in individuals with FXS in response to images of familiar fearful faces and inverse relations between social anxiety and activation in a number of regions, including a cluster in the left inferior frontal gyrus near the insula.
“Holsen et al. [722] reported decreased cingulate and left insula activation in individuals with FXS in response to images of familiar fearful faces and inverse relations between social anxiety and activation in a number of regions, including a cluster in the left inferior frontal gyrus near the insula.”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [722]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913 · see citing works
(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,293 · see citing works
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065 · see citing works
Signal detection theory and psychophysics
Ingleby, D. (1967) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(67)90197-6 · Cited by 8,616 · see citing works
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058 · see citing works
Menaghan, E. G. (2004) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/009430610403300625 · Cited by 2,799 · see citing works
Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory
LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1825 · Cited by 1,834 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The amygdala is heavily involved in the consolidation of emotional information (Kensington and Schacter, 2006; for a review, see LaBar and Cabeza, 2006; Phelps, 2006) and in the successful encoding of unfamiliar faces (Bernstein et al., 2002; Dubois et al., 1999; Sergerie et al., 2006).”
Emotion and Cognition: Insights from Studies of the Human Amygdala
Phelps, E. A. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070234 · Cited by 1,798 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The amygdala is heavily involved in the consolidation of emotional information (Kensington and Schacter, 2006; for a review, see LaBar and Cabeza, 2006; Phelps, 2006) and in the successful encoding of unfamiliar faces (Bernstein et al.”
Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism
Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1421 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Self-citationFrontal lobes and human memory: Insights from functional neuroimaging
Fletcher, P. C. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.5.849 · Cited by 1,348 · see citing works
Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study
Baron‐Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. C. R. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Making Memories: Brain Activity that Predicts How Well Visual Experience Will Be Remembered
Brewer, J. B., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1185 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Social Intelligence in the Normal and Autistic Brain: An fMRI Study
Baron‐Cohen, S., RING, H. A., Wheelwright, S. J., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3077.003.0028 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Mind reading: Neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective
Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Herrmann, S., Happé, F., Falkai, P., Maier, W., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Zilles, K. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0789 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Social Communication Questionnaire
Snow, A. V. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1651 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces
Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Ohman, A. (2015) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27732-000 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Observing the transformation of experience into memory
Paller, K. A., & Wagner, A. D. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01845-3 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00289-2 · Cited by 714 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Coupled activation of the amygdala and hippocampus in particular has been implicated in encoding and retrieval of emotional information (Dolcos et al., 2004; Erk et al., 2005; Richardson et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2006).”
Encoding of emotional memories depends on amygdala and hippocampus and their interactions
Richardson, M., Strange, B., & Dolan, R. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1190 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Face encoding and recognition in the human brain.
Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Maisog, J. M., Rapoport, S. I., & Grady, C. L. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.2.922 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.1.73 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Rogers, S. J., Wehner, E. A., & Hagerman, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200112000-00008 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Uddin, L. Q., Kaplan, J., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Eran Zaidel, B., & Iacoboni, M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.018 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
A Normed Study of Face Recognition in Autism and Related Disorders
Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A. A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022299920240 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Tissue specific expression of FMR-1 provides evidence for a functional role in fragile X syndrome
Hinds, H. L., Ashley, C. T., Sutcliffe, J. S., Nelson, D. L., Warren, S. T., Housman, D. E., & Schalling, M. (1993) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0193-36 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Control and automaticity in social life.
Wegner, D. M., & Bargh, J. A. (1998) · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Kensinger, E., & Schacter, D. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5241-05.2006 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Autobiographical and episodic memory—one and the same?
Gilboa, A. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.02.014 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Unfamiliar Face Recognition in Relatively Able Autistic Children
Boucher, J., & LEWIS, V. A. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01960.x · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Fragile X syndrome and autism at the intersection of genetic and neural networks
Belmonte, M. K., & Bourgeron, T. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1765 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Motion correction and the use of motion covariates in multiple‐subject fMRI analysis
Johnstone, T., Walsh, K. S. O., Greischar, L. L., Alexander, A. L., Fox, A. S., Davidson, R. J., & Oakes, T. R. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20219 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationGrabner, R. H., Ansari, D., Reishofer, G., Stern, E., Ebner, F., & Neuper, C. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.041 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Abitbol, M. M., Ménini, C., Delezoide, A., Rhyner, T. A., Vekemans, M. J. J., & Mallet, J. J. (1993) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0693-147 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Autistic behavior in young boys with fragile X syndrome
Bailey, D. B., Mesibov, G. B., Hatton, D. D., Clark, R. D., Roberts, J. E., & Mayhew, L. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026048027397 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Neural substrates for functionally discriminating self-face from personally familiar faces
Platek, S. M., Loughead, J. W., Gur, R. C., Busch, S., Ruparel, K., Phend, N., Panyavin, I. S., & Langleben, D. D. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20168 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Task and Content Modulate Amygdala-Hippocampal Connectivity in Emotional Retrieval
Smith, A. P. R., Stephan, K. E., Rugg, M. D., & Dolan, R. J. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.025 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Encoding-Specific Effects of Social Cognition on the Neural Correlates of Subsequent Memory
Mitchell, J. P., Macrae, C. N., & Banaji, M. R. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0481-04.2004 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
An analysis of autism in fifty males with the fragile X syndrome
Hagerman, R. J., Jackson, A. W., Levitas, A., Rimland, B., Braden, M., Opitz, J. M., & Reynolds, J. F. (1986) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320230128 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Time course of semantic processes during sentence comprehension: An fMRI study
Humphries, C., Binder, J. R., Medler, D. A., & Liebenthal, E. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.059 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Face recognition and lip-reading in autism
Gelder, B. D., Vroomen, J., & van der Heide, L. (1991) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541449108406220 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Kates, W. R., Abrams, M. T., Kaufmann, W. E., Breiter, S. N., & Reiss, A. L. (1997) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(97)00019-x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDERS: FROM PHENOTYPES TO ETIOLOGIES
Anderson, R. T. (2006) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263106240063 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Effect of Familiarity on the Processing of Human Faces
Dubois, S., Rossion, B., Schiltz, C., Bodart, J.-M., Michel, C. J., Bruyer, R., & Crommelinck, M. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0409 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Developmental Language Disorders
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610881 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders Associated With Fragile X in the Young Female
Freund, L. S., Reiss, A. L., & Abrams, M. T. (1993) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.91.2.321 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Neuroanatomy of fragile X syndrome
Reiss, A. L., Lee, J. C., & Freund, L. S. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.7.1317 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Cognitive profiles associated with the fra(X) syndrome in males and females
Freund, L. S., & Reiss, A. L. (1991) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320380409 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Differential cortical activation during voluntary and reflexive saccades in man
Mort, D. J., Perry, R. J., Mannan, S. K., Hodgson, T. L., Anderson, E. J., Quest, R. A., McRobbie, D. W., McBride, A., Masud Husain, B., & Christopher Kennard, C. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00028-9 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Lewis, P. F., Abbeduto, L., Murphy, M. M., Richmond, E. K., Giles, N. D., Bruno, L., & Schroeder, S. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00803.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Girls With Fragile X Syndrome: Physical and Neurocognitive Status and Outcome
Hagerman, R. J., Jackson, C., Amiri, K. M. A., O'Connor, R., Sobesky, W. E., & Cronister, A. (1992) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.89.3.395 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Social behavior profile in young males with fragile X syndrome: Characteristics and specificity
Kau, A. S. M., Tierney, E., Bukelis, I., Stump, M. H., Kates, W. R., Trescher, W. H., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20218 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Impaired memory for faces and social scenes in autism: clinical implications of memory dysfunction
WILLIAMS, D., Goldstein, G., & Minshew, N. J. (2004) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2002.08.001 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Fractionation of visual memory: agency detection and its impairment in autism
Blair, R. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00069-0 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Face processing in autistics: Evidence for a generalised deficit?
Gepner, B., de Gelder, B., & de Schonen, S. (1996) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049608401357 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A face to remember: emotional expression modulates prefrontal activity during memory formation
Sergerie, K., Lepage, M., & Armony, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.051 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Rivera, S. M., Menon, V., White, C. D., Glaser, B., & Reiss, A. L. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10048 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Behavioral phenotype of fragile X syndrome: DSM‐III‐R autistic behavior in male children
Reiss, A. L., & Freund, L. S. (1992) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430106 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Frontostriatal deficits in fragile X syndrome: Relation to FMR1 gene expression
Menon, V., Leroux, J., White, C. D., & Reiss, A. L. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0304544101 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Amygdala dysfunction in men with the fragile X premutation
Hessl, D. R., Rivera, S. M., Koldewyn, K., Cordeiro, L., Adams, J., Tassone, F., Hagerman, P. J., & Hagerman, R. J. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl338 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Reiss, A. L., & Dant, C. C. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000464 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Cornish, K. M., Munir, F., & Cross, G. S. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901564126 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Cortisol and behavior in fragile X syndrome
Hessl, D., Glaser, B., Dyer-Friedman, J., Blasey, C., Hastie, T., Gunnar, M., & Reiss, A. L. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00087-7 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Spatial cognition in males with Fragile-X syndrome: evidence for a neuropsychological phenotype
CORNISH, K., MUNIR, F., & CROSS, G. (1999) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70799-8 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Behavioral Assessment of Social Anxiety in Females with Turner or Fragile X Syndrome
Lesniak-Karpiak, K., Mazzocco, M. M. M., & ROSS, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022230504787 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Nature of the Working Memory Deficit in Fragile-X Syndrome
Munir, F., Cornish, K. M., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2000) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1200 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Social escape behaviors in children with fragile X syndrome
Hall, S., DeBernardis, M., & Reiss, A. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0132-z · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Turk, J. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.160.1.24 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Autistic Behaviors Among Girls with Fragile X Syndrome
Mazzocco, M. M. M., Kates, W. R., Baumgardner, T. L., Freund, L. S., & Reiss, A. L. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025857422026 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A Process-specific Functional Dissociation of the Amygdala in Emotional Memory
Sergerie, K., Lepage, M., & Armony, J. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1359 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The effect of encoding strategy on the neural correlates of memory for faces
Bernstein, L. J. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00070-7 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Erk, S., Martin, S., & Walter, H. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.045 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Hoeft, F., Hernandez, A., Parthasarathy, S., Watson, C., Hall, S. S., & Reiss, A. L. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20406 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Here's Looking at You, Kid: Neural Systems Underlying Face and Gaze Processing in Fragile XSyndrome
Garrett, A. S., Menon, V., MacKenzie, K., & Reiss, A. L. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.281 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
fMRI Study of Cognitive Interference Processing in Females with Fragile X Syndrome
Tamm, L., Menon, V., Johnston, C. K., Hessl, D. R., & Reiss, A. L. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317236812 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Thinking About Actions: The Neural Substrates of Person Knowledge
Mason, M. F. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg120 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The greeting behavior of fragile X males.
Wolff, P. H., Gardner, J., Paccla, J., & Lappen, J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Crowe, S. F., & Hay, D. A. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90082-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Brain function and gaze fixation during facial‐emotion processing in fragile X and autism
Dalton, K. M., Holsen, L., Abbeduto, L., & Davidson, R. J. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.32 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychopathology in fragile X syndrome.
Hagerman, R. J., & Sobesky, W. E. (1989) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01641.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Harvey, P., Fossati, P., & Lepage, M. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.351 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Maes, B., Fryns, J. P., Walleghem, M. V., & BERGHE, H. V. D. (1994) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320500211 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Greicius, M. D., Anderson, J. M. B., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000134472.44362.be · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Murphy, M. M., Abbeduto, L., Schroeder, S., & Serlin, R. C. (2007) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[0349:cosaif]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t03750-000 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1994) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t01147-000 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Brain Structure Correlates of Component Reading Processes: Implications for Reading Disability
Phinney, E. M., Pennington, B. F., OLSON, R., Filley, C. M., & Filipek, P. A. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70506-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610881-12 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 90 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hagerman, R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Hazlett, H. C., Bailey, D. B., Moine, H., Kooy, R. F., Tassone, F., Gantois, I., Sonenberg, N., Mandel, J. L., et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.65 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Altered Neuronal and Circuit Excitability in Fragile X Syndrome
Contractor, A., Klyachko, V. A., & Portera‐Cailliau, C. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.017 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Biological Motion Processing as a Hallmark of Social Cognition
Pavlova, M. A. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr156 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
A synaptic perspective of fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum Disorders.
Bagni, C., & Zukin, R. S. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.041 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Dichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
What did you do yesterday? A meta-analysis of sex differences in episodic memory.
Asperholm, M., Högman, N., Rafi, J., & Herlitz, A. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000197 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Abnormal structure or function of the amygdala is a common component of neurodevelopmental disorders
Schumann, C. M., Bauman, M. D., & Amaral, D. G. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.028 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Of Men and Mice: Modeling the Fragile X Syndrome
Dahlhaus, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00041 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Adams, D., & Oliver, C. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Fragile X syndrome—From genes to cognition
Schneider, A., Hagerman, R. J., & Hessl, D. R. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.80 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Gene, brain, and behavior relationships in fragile X syndrome: Evidence from neuroimaging studies
Lightbody, A. A., & Reiss, A. L. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.77 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Reliability of Eye Tracking and Pupillometry Measures in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome
Farzin, F., Huang, F. S., Hervey, C. M., Berry‐Kravis, E., & Hessl, D. R. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1176-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Michalon, A., Bruns, A., Risterucci, C., Honer, M., Ballard, T. M., Ozmen, L., Jaeschke, G., Wettstein, J. G., von Kienlin, M., Künnecke, B., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.038 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cardoner, N., Harrison, B. J., Pujol, J., Soriano‐Mas, C., Hernández‐Ribas, R., López‐Solà, M., Real, E., Deus, J., Ortiz, H., Alonso, P., et al. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.559268 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Crawford, H., Moss, J. F., Oliver, C., Elliott, N. A., Anderson, G. M., & McCleery, J. P. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0084-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Radwan, B., Dvorak, D., & Fenton, A. A. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Public Health Literature Review of Fragile X Syndrome
Raspa, M., Wheeler, A., & Riley, C. M. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1159c · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Harvey, P., Fossati, P., & Lepage, M. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.351 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Aberrant Face and Gaze Habituation in Fragile X Syndrome
Bruno, J. L., Garrett, A. S., Quintin, E., Mazaika, P. K., & Reiss, A. L. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13111464 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Villalón‐Reina, J. E., Jahanshad, N., Beaton, E. A., Toga, A. W., Thompson, P. M., & Simon, T. J. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.028 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Intelligence and specific cognitive functions in intellectual disability
Bertelli, M. O., Cooper, S., & Salvador‐Carulla, L. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000387 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hong, M. P., Eckert, E. M., Pedapati, E. V., Shaffer, R. C., Dominick, K. C., Wink, L. K., Sweeney, J. A., & Erickson, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-019-9262-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Quantifying naturalistic social gaze in fragile X syndrome using a novel eye tracking paradigm
Hall, S. S., Frank, M. C., Pusiol, G., Farzin, F., Lightbody, A. A., & Reiss, A. L. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32331 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kidd, S. A., Berry‐Kravis, E., Choo, T. H., Chen, C., Esler, A., Hoffmann, A., Andrews, H., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04148-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kim, S.-Y., Burris, J., Bassal, F., Koldewyn, K., Chattarji, S., Tassone, F., Hessl, D. R., & Rivera, S. M. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs341 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hessl, D. R., Harvey, D. J., Sansone, S. M., Crestodina, C., Chin, J. A., Joshi, R., Hagerman, R. J., & Berry‐Kravis, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209984 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Imaging genetics in neurodevelopmental psychopathology
Klein, M., van Donkelaar, M. M. J., Verhoef, E., & Franke, B. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32542 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Executive functioning in Cornelia de Lange syndrome: domain asynchrony and age-related performance
Reid, D., Moss, J. F., Nelson, L., Groves, L., & Oliver, C. (2017) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9208-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Emotion Recognition and Visual-Scan Paths in Fragile X Syndrome
Shaw, T., & Porter, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1654-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Viewing Social Scenes: A Visual Scan-Path Study Comparing Fragile X Syndrome and Williams Syndrome
Williams, T. A., Porter, M. A., & Langdon, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1737-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The functional consequences of social distraction: Attention and memory for complex scenes
Doherty, B. R., Patai, E. Z., Duta, M. D., Nobre, A. C., & Scerif, G. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Diethorn, E. J., & Gould, E. (2022) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23476 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Crawford, H., Moss, J. F., Anderson, G. M., Oliver, C., & McCleery, J. P. (2015) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-120.4.328 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Development of the hippocampal CA2 region and the emergence of social recognition
Diethorn, E. J., & Gould, E. (2023) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22919 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nonverbal components of Theory of Mind in typical and atypical development
Kampis, D., Fogd, D., & Kovács, Á. M. (2016) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.11.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Screening Tool to Measure Eye Contact Avoidance in Boys with Fragile X Syndrome
Hall, S. S., & Venema, K. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3139-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Task MRI-Based Functional Brain Network of Anxiety
Lai, C. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Fung, L. K., & Reiss, A. L. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.015 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Christou, A. I., Wallis, Y., Bair, H., Crawford, H., Frisson, S., Zeegers, M. P., & McCleery, J. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00175 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Differential effects of anxiety and autism on social scene scanning in males with fragile X syndrome
Crawford, H., Moss, J. F., Oliver, C., & Riby, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9189-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sege, C. T., Bradley, M. M., Weymar, M., & Lang, P. J. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A novel eye‐tracking paradigm for indexing social avoidance‐related behavior in fragile X syndrome
Klusek, J., Moser, C., Schmidt, J., Abbeduto, L., & Roberts, J. E. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32757 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Children With Fragile X Syndrome Display Threat-Specific Biases Toward Emotion
Burris, J. L., Barry‐Anwar, R., Sims, R. N., Hagerman, R. J., Tassone, F., & Rivera, S. M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.06.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Autism in Fragile X Syndrome; A Functional MRI Study of Facial Emotion-Processing
McKechanie, A. G., Campbell, S., Eley, S. E. A., & Stanfield, A. C. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10121052 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
From circuits to behavior: Amygdala dysfunction in fragile X syndrome
Svalina, M. N., Sullivan, R. M., Restrepo, D., & Huntsman, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2023.1128529 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The role of the prefrontal cortex in modulating aggression in humans and rodents
Li, X., Xiong, L., & Li, Y. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115285 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stability of autobiographical memory in young people with intellectual disabilities
Morales, C., Manzanero, A. L., Wong, A., Gómez, M. L. N., Iglesias, A. M., Barón, S., & Álvarez, M. (2017) · Anuario de Psicología Jurídica · doi:10.1016/j.apj.2017.05.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Crawford, H., Moss, J. F., McCleery, J. P., Anderson, G. M., & Oliver, C. (2015) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-015-9119-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impact of Fragile X Syndrome on Their Families
Redín, C. I., Ferrer, M. S., & Hidalgo-Alés, B. (2020) · Psicologí a Educativa · doi:10.5093/psed2020a12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ordemann, G. J., Lyuboslavsky, P. N., Kizimenko, A., & Brumback, A. C. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep092894 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Development of Biological Motion Processing in Normalcy and Pathology
Pavlova, M. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393705.003.0011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brain network alterations in fragile X syndrome
Gouveia, F. V., Germann, J., & Ibrahim, G. M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106101 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Executive functioning in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Reid, D. (2010) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bellavance, J., Diane, M., & Mello, C. (2021) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1108/amhid-09-2020-0020
Ordemann, G. J., Lyuboslavsky, P. N., Kizimenko, A., & Brumback, A. C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.02.636122
How much variation is there in face recognition?
Lander, K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191986802.003.0001
- Authors
- Holsen, L. M., Dalton, K. M., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holsen, Laura M.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 592-604
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2598775
- OpenAlex
- W2138859764
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32 HD 07489, P30HD03352., P30HD003352, T32HD007489)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fragile X syndrome, social anxiety, face encoding, social cognition, prefrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex, superior frontal cortex, gaze aversion, visual fixation, memory formation, neural circuit dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Fragile X Syndrome, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Social Behavior, Social Behavior Disorders, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
